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Museum collections indicate bees increasingly stressed by changes in climate over the past 100 years
An analysis of bumblebee wings from a network of UK museums shows signs of stress linked to increasingly hotter and wetter conditions
· As well as revealing what is linked to stress in bees in the past, the study can help predict when and where bees will face most stress and potential decline in the future.
· Bumblebees and other insect pollinators have faced population declines in recent years.
· The researchers have also for the first time used ancient DNA techniques to sequence bumblebee genomes dating back over 100 years.
Scientists from Imperial College London and the Natural History Museum today published two concurrent papers analysing UK bumblebee populations.
The first investigated the morphology (body shapes) of bee specimens dating back to 1900. Using digital images, the group first investigated the asymmetry in bumblebee wings as an indicator of stress. High asymmetry (very differently shaped right and left wings) indicates the bees experienced stress during development – an external factor that affected their normal growth.
Studying four UK bumblebee species, the group found evidence for stress getting higher as the century progressed from its lowest point around 1925. Further analysis showed that each bee species displayed a consistently higher proxy of stress in the latter half of the century.
Learning from the past to predict the future
By taking the climate conditions during the year of collection – namely annual mean temperature and annual rainfall – the team found that in hotter and wetter years bees showed higher wing asymmetry. The study is published today in the Journal of Animal Ecology.
Author Aoife Cantwell-Jones, from the Department of Life Sciences (Silwood Park) at Imperial, said: “By using a proxy of stress visible on the bee’s external anatomy and caused by stress during development just days or weeks before, we can look to more accurately track factors placing populations under pressure through historic space and time.”
Author Dr Andres Arce, now at the University of Suffolk, stated: “Our goal is to better understand responses to specific environmental factors and learn from the past to predict the future. We hope to be able to forecast where and when bumblebees will be most at risk and target effective conservation action.”
Senior author Dr Richard Gill, from the Department of Life Sciences (Silwood Park) at Imperial, said: “With hotter and wetter conditions predicted to place bumblebees under higher stress, the fact these conditions will become more frequent under climate change means bumblebees may be in for a rough time over the 21st century.”
DNA from single legs
As well as measuring the wing shapes of bees, in a second parallel study the team successfully sequenced the genomes of over a hundred bumblebee museum specimens dating back more than 130 years. In a pioneering advance, ancient DNA methods typically used for studying woolly mammoths and ancient humans, were for the first time used on an insect population.
Scientists from the Natural History Museum and the Earlham Institute quantified DNA preservation using just a single bee leg from each of the bees studied. From these developments, published today in Methods in Ecology & Evolution, the researchers can now look to determine how the reported stress may lead to genetic diversity loss.
In conjunction with providing a new reference genome, the team will now use this data to study how bee genomes have changed over time, gaining an understanding of how whole populations have adapted – or not – to changing environments.
The value of museum collections
Focusing on bumblebee collections, the team worked with curators from the Natural History Museum London, National Museums Scotland, Oxford University Museum of Natural History, World Museum Liverpool, and Tullie House Museum Carlisle.
Author Dr Victoria Mullin, from the Natural History Museum, said: “Museum insect collections offer an unparalleled opportunity to directly study how the genomes of populations and species have been affected by environmental changes through time. However, they are a finite resource and understanding how best to utilise them for genetic studies is important.”
Senior author Professor Ian Barnes, from the Natural History Museum, said: “One of the main problems with museum collections is that the quality of DNA can be very variable, making it difficult to predict which type of analyses we should do. We now have a much better idea about DNA preservation in insect collections, which is a massive boost to our ongoing work to understand the history and future of insect populations.”
Dr Gill concluded: “These studies showcase the value of leveraging museums specimens to go back in time and unlock the past’s secrets. But what we have done is just the beginning, and by continuing our work with these vital public collections and collaborating with curators we can only discover more.
“This work was part of a Natural Environment Research Council-funded project and could not have been achieved without the commitment, hard work, and diligence of the museum curators, and our other collaborators. We are also grateful to BBSRC funds in supporting the generation of the bumblebee reference genome.”
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For more information, please contact:
Hayley Dunning
Media Manager (Natural Sciences)
email: h.dunning@imperial.ac.uk
Tel: +44(0)20 7594 2412
Out of hours duty media officer: +44 (0)7803 886 248
Natural History Museum media contact:
Tel: +44 (0)20 7942 5654 / 07799690151
Email: press@nhm.ac.uk
Notes to editors
1. ‘Signatures of increasing environmental stress in bumblebee wings over the past century: Insights from museum specimens’ by Arce, Cantwell-Jones, et al. is published in Journal of Animal Ecology. Once the embargo has lifted, the paper will be available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13788
‘First large-scale quantification study of DNA preservation in insects from natural history collections using genome-wide sequencing’ by Mullin et al. is published in Methods in Ecology & Evolution. Once the embargo has lifted, the paper will be available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13945
Both papers are part of a special cross-journal special issue titled ‘Leveraging museums specimens to understand responses to environmental change’.
Copies of the papers (under STRICT EMBARGO until: 05:01 BST Thursday 18 August 2022) can be downloaded from: https://imperialcollegelondon.box.com/s/ariqschst1h8ji9y518y0fbk3yiqhtrp
2. Images and videos of bees and researchers in the study can be downloaded from: https://imperialcollegelondon.box.com/s/ifc8bxmd976mzt3fb634e233zgjae2pt
Data from the study can be accessed through the NHM Data Portal: https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/bee-land-use-change-project
3. About Imperial College London
Imperial College London is one of the world's leading universities. The College's 20,000 students and 8,000 staff are working to solve the biggest challenges in science, medicine, engineering and business.
Imperial is University of the Year 2022 in the Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide. It is the world’s fifth most international university, according to Times Higher Education, with academic ties to more than 150 countries. Reuters named the College as the UK's most innovative university because of its exceptional entrepreneurial culture and ties to industry.
Imperial staff, students and alumni are working round-the-clock to combat COVID-19. Imperial has nearly two thousand key workers, and is at the forefront of coronavirus epidemiology, virology, vaccine development and diagnostics. More than one thousand Imperial staff and students are volunteering to support the NHS.
4. The Natural History Museum is both a world-leading science research centre and the most-visited indoor attraction in the UK last year. With a vision of a future in which both people and the planet thrive, it is uniquely positioned to be a powerful champion for balancing humanity’s needs with those of the natural world.
It is custodian of one of the world’s most important scientific collections comprising over 80 million specimens accessed by researchers from all over the world both in person and via over 50 billion digital records downloaded over 540 download events to date. The Museum’s 350 scientists are finding solutions to the planetary emergency from biodiversity loss through to the sustainable extraction of natural resources.
The Museum uses its global reach and influence to meet its mission to create advocates for the planet - to inform, inspire and empower everyone to make a difference for nature. We welcome millions of visitors through our doors each year, our website has had 17 million visits in the last year and our touring exhibitions have been seen by around 20 million people in the last 10 years.