Phosphate Recovery

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Phosphate recovery and recycling bibliography

A list of papers and publications relevant to P recovery as calcium phosphate or struvite.

Updated November 2003

WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SPECIAL

Aage H.K., A.B.L., Blom A. and Jensen I. (1997). The solubility of struvite. Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry, 223, 1-2, 213-215.

Abbona, F. and Boistelle, R. (1979) Growth Morphology and Crystal Habit of Struvite Crystals (MgNH₄PO₄.6H₂O), Journal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 46, pp. 339-54.

Abbona F., Lundager H.E., Madsen L., Boistelle R. (1982) Crystallization of Two Magnesium Phosphates, Struvite and Newberyte: Effect of pH and Concentration. Journal of Crystal Growth 57, pp. 6-14.

Abbona, F., Calleri, and Ivaldi, G. (1984) Synthetic Struvite MgNH₄PO₄6H₂O: Correct Polarity and Surface Features of Some Complementary Forms. Acta Cryst., B40, 223-227.

Abbona, F. and Boistelle, R. (1985) Nucleation of Struvite (MgNH₄PO₄.6H₂O) Single Crystals and Agregates. Crystal Res. & Technol. 20, 133-40.

Abbona, F., Lundagen Madsen H.E., and Boistelle L. (1986) The Ininitial Phases of Calcium and Magnesium Phosphates Precipitated from Solutions of High to Medium Concentrations. Journal of Crystal growth (74), pp. 581-590.
abstracts.htm#Abbona

Abbona F., Madsen L. and Boistelle R. (1988) The Final Phases of Calcium and Magnesium Phosphates Precipitated from Solutions of High to Medium Concentration. Journal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 89, pp.592-602. abstracts.htm#Abbona

Abbona F. and Franchini A.M. (1990) Crystallization of Calcium and Magnesium Phosphates from solutions of Low Concentration. J. Cryst. Growth, 104, pp 661-671 abstracts.htm#Abbona

Abbona F., Franchini A.M. (1990)Crystallization of calcium and magnesium phosphates from solutions of low concentration. J. Cryst. Growth, 74, pp 581-590.

Abbona F., Franchini A.M., Bono C.C. and Madsen Lundager H.E. (1994) Effect of Ammonia excess on the Crystal habit of NiNH₄PO₄ 6H₂O (Ni-struvite). Journal of Crystal Growth. 143, 256-260.

Abdelrazig B.E.I., and Sharp J.H. (1988) Phase changes on heating ammonium magnesium phosphate hydrates. Thermochimica Acta, 129, pp. 197-215.

Abe S., Muro S., Yamasaki M.: Pilot Test of MAP (Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate) Process. Annual Conference Japan Sewage Works Association, 1994, pp. 500-503, (CEEP n 31).

Abe S., M.S., and Yamasaki M. (1995) Magnesium ammonium phosphate process pilot test. JSWA : 500-503 also 31/1 - 31/3.

Abe S. (1995) Phosphate Removal from Dewatering Filtrate by MAP Process at Seibu Treatment Plant in Fukuoka City. Sewage Works in Japan 1995.

Altinbas M., Ozturk I., and Aydin A.F. (2002) Ammonia recovery from high strengh agro industry effluents. Water Science and Technology, Vol 45, n 12, pp 189-196

Altinbas M., C. Yangin., and Ozturk I. (2002) Struvite precipitation from anaerobically treated municipal and landfill wastewaters. Vol.46, n 9, pp 271-278.

Amjad Z., Koutsoukos P.G., Tomson M.B., Nancollas G.H.(1978) The Growth of Hydroxyapatite from Solution. A New Constant Composition Method. J. Dental Res., Vol n57, 909 abstracts.htm

Amjad Z., Koutsoukos P.G., Nancollas G.H. (1984) Crystal Growth of Calcium Phosphates in the Presence of Magnesium Ions. J. Coll. Science, 101, 250.
abstracts.htm

Amjad Z. Koutsoukos P.G. and Nancollas G.H. The Crystallization of Hydroxyapatite and Fluorapatite in the Presence of Magnesium Ions. Journal of Colloid Sciences and interface science, Vol.101, n 1, pp.250-256.

Andrade A., Schuiling O., Literature Search, Digest and Assessment Concerning Struvite Recovery for Recycling from Waste Waters. Final Report for CEEP Following Contract (1999).

Andrade A, a. S.R.D. (1999) Recovery of struvite from calf manure. Environmental Technology, Vol 20, 765-768.

Angel R. Removal of Phosphate from Sewage as Amorphus Calcium Phosphate. Environmental Technology, Vol.20, pp. 709-720, 1999.

Arias J.M., Ben Omar N.E.M., Gonzalez-Munoy M.T., and Huertas F. (1994) Effects of pH and phosphate on the production of struvite by myxococcus xanthus. Geomicrobiology, 12, 81-90.

Bailey-Watts and Kirita A. (1999) Poor Water Quality in Loch Leven (Scotland) in 1995 in Spite or Reduced Phosphorus loadings since 1985 : the Influences of Catchment management and Inter-Annual Weather Variation. Hydrobiologia 403 : 135-151.

Balland P. : Le Phosphore. La houille blanche n3-4/1999.

Bans Z., Gran Wallin, Bo-Bertil Lind , Gran Dave. Struvite as a medium for recycling phosphorus in human urine to crop production. Nordwijkerhout/Ban.doc

Banks E. Chianelli R. and Korenstein R. (1975) Crystal Chemistry of Struvite Analogs of the Type MgMPO₄6H₂O (M⁺ = K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺, T1⁺, NH₄+). Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 14, N7, pp. 1634-1639.

Barnard J.L. (1976) A review of biological phosphorus removal in the activated sludge process. Water SA 2(3) : 136-144.

Barnard J.L. (1984) Activated primary tanks for phosphate removal. Water SA 10(3) : 121-126.

Barone J.P., Nancollas. G.H., (1977) The Seeded Growth of Calcium Phosphates. The Effect of Solid/Solution Ratio in Controlling the Nature of the Growth Phase. J. Colloid and Interface Sci. Vol. 62, n3, pp. 421-429.

Barone J.P. Nancollas G.H. and Tomson M. : The seeded growth of calcium phosphates, the kinetics of growth of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate on hydroxyapatite. Calcif. Tissue. Res., vol 21, pp. 171-182, 1976. abstracts.htm

Barsotti, O. and Dumont, J. Evidence of Unidiffusible and Themostable Dnase in Actinomyces viscosus. Lab. Microbiology-Immunology. Facult d'Odontologie, Lyon, France. n 679.

Bassett, H. and Bedwell, William L. (1933). Studies of Phosphates. Part I. Ammonium Magnesium Phosphates and related Compounds, Journal of Chemical Society, pp. 854-71.

Bates, R.G. and Pinching, G.D. (1950) Dissociation Constant of Aqueous Ammonia at 0 to 50 from E.M.F. Studies of the Ammonium Salt of a Weak Acid, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 72, p. 1393.

Battistoni, P., De Angelis, A., Pavan, P., Prisciandaro, M. and Cecchi, F. (2001) Phosphorus removal from a real anaerobic supernatant by struvite crystallization. Wat. Res., 35, 2167-2178.

Battistoni, P., De Angelis, A., Prisciandaro, M., Boccadoro, R. and Bolzonella, D. (2002) P removal from anaerobic supernatants by struvite crystallization: long term validation and process modelling. Wat. Res., 36, 1927-1938.

Battistoni P., Fava G., Musacco A., and Cecchi F., (1995). Phosphate crystallization in a fluidized bed reactor. Preliminary results. Sec. Intern. Symp. On Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, Iraklio, Crete, Greece, October 17-20, 1995.

Battistoni P., Fava G., Pavan P., and Mata-Halvarez J., (1996). Phosphate Removal by crystallization. Anaerobic liquors treated in a fluidized bed reactor. Proceedings of "Water Quality International 96", Singapore, June 23-28, 1996.

Battistoni P, Fava G, Pavan P, Musacco A, and Cecchi F, (1997). Phosphate Removal in Anaerobic Liquors by Struvite Crystallization without Addition of Chemicals: Preliminary Results, Wat. Vol. 31, No.11, pp.2925-2929.

Battistoni P., Pavan P. Cecchi F., Mata Alvarez J. (1998). "Effect of composition of anaerobic supernatants from an anaerobic, anoxic and oxic (A₂0) process on struvite and hydroxiapatite formation", Annali di Chimica, 88, 761-772.

Battistoni P., Pavan P., Cecchi F., and Mata-Alvarez J., (1998) Phosphate Removal in Real Anaerobic Supernatants: Modeling and Performance of a Fluidized Bed Reactor. Wat. Sci. Tech., 31, 275-283.

Battistoni P, P.P., Prisciandaro M. and Cecchi F. (2000) : Struvite crystaliisation : A feasible and reliable way to fix phosphorus in anaerobic supernatants. Water Research 34, 11 : 3033-3041.

Battistoni P., R. Boccadoro, P. Pavan, and F. Cecchi : Struvite crystallisation in sludge dewatering supernatant using air stripping: the new-full scale plant at Treviso (Italy) sewage works. Nordwijkerhout/Battistoni1302.doc

Baxter-Plant V.S. H.E. a. F.C.F. (1999) Problems caused by filamentous bacteria in pilot scale nutrient activated sludge plants. J. CIWEM 13, April, 131-136.

Beavon J., and Heatley N.G. (1962) The occurrence of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate) in microbial cultures. Journal of general microbiology, 31, 167-169.

Bennett A.C., and Adams F. (1976)Solubility ans solubility product of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate in aqueous solutions and soil solutions. Soil science of America journal, vol. 40, pp. 39-42. abstracts.htm

Beklioglu M., Carvalho L., and Moss B. (1999) Rapid Recovery of Shallow Hypertrophic Lake Following Sewage Effluent Diversion : lack of Chemical Resilience. Hydrobiologia 412 : 5-15.

Berrutti F., C.J. Godgroy L. Pugsley T.S. and Patience G.S. (1995) Hydrodynamics of circulating fluidized bed risers : a Review. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 73, October, 579-602.

Best A.G., H.C.J. Rachwal A.J. and Hurley B. (1985) Biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal at an experimental full scale plant in the UK. Water Science Technology, 17, Paris, 213-232.

Bohner M., Lemaitre J. and Ring T.A. (1997) Kinetics of Dissolution of Beta-tricalcium Phosphates J. of colloid and interface, Vol. 190, n1, pp. 37-48. abstracts.htm

Boistelle R., Abbona F., Lundager Madsen H.E. (1983) On the Transformation of Struvite into Newberite in Aquaeous Systems. Phys Chem Minerals, Vol. 9: pp. 216-222.

Booker N.A. Priestley A.J. and Frasier I.H. Struvite Formation in Wastewater Treatment Plants : Opportunities for Nutrient Recovery. Environmental Technology, Vol.20, pp.777-782, 1999.

Booker N.A: Struvite formation in wastewater treatment plants: an accident waiting to happen?
booker.htm

Booram C.V., Smith R.J. and Hazen T.E. (1975) Crystalline Phosphate Precipitation from Anaerobic Animal Waste Treatment Lagoon Liquors. Transactions of the ASAE, pp.340-343.

Borgerding J. (1972) Phosphate Deposits in Digestion Systems. Journal WPCF, Vol. 44, N 5, May 1972,  813-819. abstracts.htm

Bortone G., Gemelli S., Rambaldi A. and Tilche A. (1992) : Nitrification, Denitrification and Biological Phosphate Removal in Sequencing batch Reactors Treating Piggery Wastewater. Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol.26, n 5-6, pp. 977-985.

Boskey A.L., and Posner A.S. (1973) Conversion of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate to Microcrystalline Hydroxyapatite. A pH-Dependent, Solution-Mediated, Solid-Solid Conversion. The Journ. of Phys. Chemistry, Vol. 77, n 19, pp. 2313-2317.
abstracts.htm

Boskey A.L., and Posner A.S. (1976) : Formation of hydroxyapatite at low supersaturation. Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol. 80, pp. 40-45. abstracts.htm

Bouropoulos N.C. and Koutsoukos, P.G. (2000) Spontaneous precipitation of struvite from aqueous solutions. J. Crystal Growth, 213, 381-388.

Brar G.S. a T.E.L. (1975). : The luxury uptake phenomenon for removal of phosphates from municipal wastewater. Water Research 9, 71-77.

Brett S., G.J., Morse G.K. and Lester J.N. (1997) Phosphorus removal and recovery technologies. London. Selper publications.

Brewin D.J., a. H.J.M. (1980) A water authority viewpoint on monitoring. Chemistry and Industry. 595-600.

Bridge, P.J. (1971) Analysis of Altered Struvite from Skipton, Victoria, Mineralogical Magazine, September, Vol. 38, pp. 381-2.

Bridger, G.L., Salutsky, M.L., and Starostka R. W. (1961) Metal Amonium Phosphates as Fertilizers. American Chemical Society, 10, 181-188.

Brown J.L. (1981) Calcium Phosphate Precipitation Effects of Common and Foreign Ions on Hap Crystal Growth. Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 45, n 3, pp. 482-486. abstracts.htm

Brown W E, Lehr J R, Smith J P, Frazier A W (1957) Crystallography of Octacalcium Phosphate. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 79, 5318-5325. abstracts.htm

Brown W E, Lehr J R (1959). Application of Phase Rule to the Chemical Behaviour of Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate. Soil Sci. Amer. Proc. 23, 7-18.

Brown W.E. and Chow L.C. (1981). Thermodynamics of Apatite Crystal Growth and Dissolution. Journal of Crystal Growth, 53, pp. 31-41. abstracts.htm

Brunetto R.B., B.M. a. B.J.L. (1992) : Organophosphorus pesticide residues in some watercourses from merida, Venezuela. The Science of the total environment, 114, 195-204.

Buchan L. (1981) The location and nature of accumulated phosphorus in seven sludges from activated sludge plants which exhibit enhanced phosphorus removal. Water SA, 7, (1), 1-7.

Buchanan J.R., C. R. Mote, R. B. Robinson (1994) Thermodynamics of Struvite Formation Transactions of the American Society Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 37, n2, pp. 617-621.

Buchanan, J.R., Mote, C.R. and Robinson, R.B. (1994) Struvite Control by Chemical Treatment, Transactions of the American Society Agricultural Engineers , Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 1301-1308.

Budz J.A., and Nancollas G.H. (1988) The mechanism of dissolution of hydroxyapatite and carbonate apatite in acidic solutions. Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 91, pp. 490-496. abstracts.htm

Bundgaard E., K. G. H. a. A.E. (1983) Full scale experience with phosphorus removal in an alternating system. Water Science and Technology, 15, Capetown, 197-217.

Burns J. R., Finlayson B., (1982) Solubility Product of Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Hexahydrate at Various Temperatures. The Journal of Urology. Vol. 128, pp. 426-28, August.

Burns R.T. , L.B. Moody, F.R. Walker and D.R. Raman (2001) Laboratory and in-situ reductions of soluble phosphorus in swine waste slurries. Environmental Technology, Vol. 22. pp 1273-1278 Laboratory and In-Situ Reductions of Soluble Phosphorus In Liquid Swine Waste Slurries

Burton E., and Walter L. M. (1990) The Role of pH in Phosphate Inhibition of Calcite and Aragonite Precipitation Rates in Seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. Vol. 54, pp. 797-808.

Carliell C.M., Wheatley, A.D. (2001) Metal and Phosphate Speciation during Anaerobic Digestion of Phosphorus Rich Sludge. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 44, 813-919. Nordwijkerhout/Wheatley.doc

Carliell C.M. and Wheatley A.D. (1997) Metal and phosphate speciation during anaerobic digestion of phosphorus rich sludge. Water Science and Technology, vol. 36, no.6-7, pp.191-200.
abstracts.htm

Carlsson H., Aspegren H., Lee N. and Hilmer A. Calcium Phosphate Precipitation in Biological Phosphorus Removal Systems (1997). Water Research, Vol. 31, n 5, pp. 1047-1055.
abstracts.htm

Carlsson-Reich M., Enocksson E., Gustafsson M., Kvarnstrm E., and Schnning C. : Recycling of wastewater-derived phosphorus in swedish agriculture - A proposal. marcus.carlsson@ivl.se

Carpenter S.R., and R.C. Lathrop : (1999) Lake Restoration: Capabilities and Needs.Hydrobiologia 395/396 : 19-18.

elen I., and M. Trker : Recovery of ammonia as struvite from anaerobic digester effluents. Environmental Technology, Vol. 22. pp 1263-1272. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/mineralogy/P-recovery/etspecial.doc

Cecchi F., Battistoni P., Pavan P., Fava G. and Alvarez J. (1994) "Anaerobic Digestion of OFMSW (Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste) and Biological Nutrient Removal Processes: a Possible Integration - Preliminary results. Wat. Pollut. Technol. 30 pp.65-72.

Cheng P. Magnesium Effects on De Novo Formation of Calcium Phosphates Phases. University of Toronto. Absract n 683.

Choi E., O.S.W. a. L.J.J. (1997) Nitrogen treatment plant converted into a sequencing batch reactor to improve of pollutants and nutrients. Water science and Technology, 35, (1), 233-240. abstracts.htm

Christoffersen J., Christoffersen M.R. and Kjaergaard N. (1978) The Kinetics of Dissolution of Calcium Hydroxyapatite in Water at Constant pH. Journal of Crystal Growth 43. pp.501-511.
abstracts.htm

Christoffersen J., Christoffersen M.R. (1979) Kinetics of Dissolution of Calcium Hydroxyapatite, 2. Dissolution in Non-stoichiometric Solution at Constant pH. J. Crystal Growth Vol.47. pp.671-679. abstracts.htm

Christoffersen J. (1980) Kinectics of Dissolution of Calcium Hydroxyapatite. 3 Nucleation-controlled Dissolution of a Polydisperse Sample of Crystals. Journal of Crystal. Growth, Vol. 49, pp-29-44 abstracts.htm

Christoffersen J. Christoffersen M.R. : Kinetics of Dissolution of Calcium Hydroxyapatite, 4. The Effect of some Bilogically Important Inhibitors (1981). Journal of Crystal Growth Vol.53. pp.42-54.

Christoffersen J., Christoffersen M.R.: Kinetics of Dissolution of Calcium Hydroxyapatite. 5. The Acidity Constant for the Hydrogen Phosphate Surface Complex (1982). Journal of Crystal Growth Vol.57. pp.21-26.

Christoffersen J. Christoffersen M.R. (1984). Kinetics of dissolution of calcium hydroxyapatite. Faraday discussions, no.77, pp. 235-242. abstracts.htm

Christoffersen M.R., Christoffersen J. and Kibalczyc W. (1990) Apparent Solubilities of two Amorphous Calcium Phosphates and of Octacalcium Phosphate in the Temperature Range 30-42 C. J. Crystal Growth Vol.16. pp.349-354. abstracts.htm

Christoffersen J. Christoffersen M.R (1992). Possibile mechanisms for the growth of the biomaterial, calcium hydroxyapatite microcrystals. Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 121, no 4, pp. 617-630.
abstracts.htm

Christoffersen M.R., Dohrup J., Christoffersen J.: Kinetics of Growth and Dissolution of Calcium Hydroxyapatite in Suspensions with Variable Calcium to Phosphate ratio (1998). Journal of Crystal Growth Vol.186. pp.283-290. abstracts.htm

Clark J.S. Solubility Criteria for the Existence of Hydroxyapatite (1955). Canadian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 33, pp. 1696-1700. abstracts.htm

Clark T. Stephenson T. and Pearce P.A.(1997) Phosphorus removal by chemical precipitation in a biological aerated filter. Wat. Res., Vol. 31, No 10, pp. 2557-2563. abstracts.htm

Cohen, L.H. and Ribbe, P.H. (1966) Magnesium Phosphate Mineral Replacement at Mono Lake, California, The American Mineralogist, Vol. 51, November-December, 1755-65.

Cole C.V., S .R. Olsen, and Scott C.O. : The Nature of Phosphate Sorption by Calcium Carbonate. Soil Science Society Proceedings 1953.

Compton R.G., Brown C.A., The inhibition of calcite dissolution/precipitation : Mg2+ cations, Journal of colloids and interface science 165, pp. 445-449 (1994)

Crooks A. : Experimental investigation of effective and economic methods to recover phosphorus from returned activated sludge. Nordwijkerhout/Crook.doc

Dalas E., Koutsoukos P.G.: The Effect of Cadmium on the Crystallization of HAP in Aqueous solutions. J. Chem. Soc. Farad. I. 85, 3159 (1989).

Dalas E., Koutsoukos P.G. : The Effect of Glucose on the Crystallization of Hydroxyapatite in Aqueous Solutions. J. Chem.Soc. Farad. 1. 85, 2465 (1989).

Dalas E., Koutsoukos P.G.: The Growth of Calcium Phosphate on Ceramic Surfaces. J. Mater. Sci., 24, 999 (1989).

Dalas E. and Koutsoukos P.G. (1989). Crystallisation of Hydroxyapatite from Aquaeous Solutions in the Presence of Cadmium. Journal of the Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, Vol. 85, pp. 3159-3164.

Dalas E., Kallitsis J., Koutsoukos P.G.: Crystallization of Hydroxyapatite on Polymers. Langmuir, Vol.7, 1822-1826 (1991).

Dalphi M., Karayanni E., Koutsoukos P.G.: Inhibition of Hydroxyapatite Formation in Aqueous Solutions by Zinc and 1,2-Dihydroxy-1,2-bis (dihydroxyphosphonyl) ethane. J. Chem. Soc. Farad. Trans. Vol. 89, 965-969, (1993).

Danen-Louwerse H.J., Lijklema L., and Coenraats M. (1995) : Coprecipitation of Phosphate with Calcium Carbonate in Lake Veluwe. Wat. Res. Vol.29, n7, pp. 1791-1785.

Daumer M.L.Phosphate recovery following biological aerobic treatment of pig slurry. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/mineralogy/P-recovery/finalprog3.doc

DeBoice J.N., a. T.J.F. (1975) : Chemical treatment for phosphate control. Journal of the Water pollution control federation, 47, (9) : 2246-2255.

De Rooij J.F., Heughebaert J.C., Nancollas G.H. (1984) A pH study of Calcium Phosphate Seeded Precipitation, J. Colloid Interface Science. Vol n100, 350-358.

Devine P. : Nordwijkerhout/Devine.ppt

Dick R. Elaine , Paul G. Devine, John P. Quinn and Stephen J. Allen. Biologically-driven phosphate precipitation in bio-P sludges. Nordwijkerhout/Dick.doc

R. Dils, S. Leaf, R. Robinson, N. SweetPhosphorus in the environment - why should recovery be a policy issue?
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/mineralogy/P-recovery/finalprog3.doc

Dittrich M., Heiser A., and Koschel R. (1995) Kombination von knstlicher Kalsitfllung und Tiefenwasserbelftung zur Restaurierung eutrophierter Hartwasserseen - Enclosureversuche. Limn. Aktuell. Vol.8.

Dittrich M. (1997) Phosphorelimination in Geschichteten Hartwasserseen durch hypolimnisch induzierte Kalzitfllung kombiniert mit Tiefenwasserbelftung. Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktork der Naturwissenschetfen.

Donnert D., Salecker M., and Eberle S.H. (1993) : Phosphatelimination aus Wasser durch impfkristallinduzierte Abscheidung von Calciumphosphat. Vorabzug aus Zeitschrift Wasser un Boden.

Donnert D.(1998) Investigation on Phosphorus Removal from Waste Water, KfK 4459, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe.

Donnert D., Salecker M., Elimination of Phosphorus from Municipal and Industrial Waste Water, Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol n40, 4-5, pp. 195-202, (1999).

Donnert D., Salecker M., Phosphorus removal and recovery from waste water by cristallisation, Joint Australian-German project, Research centre Karlsruhe (1999). donner/donner.htm

Donnert D., and Salecker M., Elimination of Phosphorus from Waste Water by Crystallization. Environmental Technology, Vol. 20, n7, pp. 735-742. (1999).
donner/donner.htm

Donnert D., Salecker M., Bumiller W., Kusche I., Friedrich F., and Weidler P.G. : Use of Crystallisation for the P-Recovery from waste water streams. www.itc-wgt.fzk.de

Dove P.M. and Hochella M.F. Jr. (1992) : Calcite Precipitation Mechanisms and Inhibition by Orthophosphate : In situ Observations by Scanning Force Microscopy. Geoch. and Cosmoch. Acta. Vol. 57, pp.705-714.

Doyle J.D., Philp R., Churchley J., and Parsons S.A. (2000) : Analysis of struvite precipitation in real and Synthetic Liquors. Inst. of Chemical Engineers, TransIChemE, Vol 78, Part B.

James Doyle Fundamental chemistry and control of struvite precipitation. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/mineralogy/P-recovery/finalprog3.doc

Doyle J.D., Oldring K., Churchley J., and Parsons S.A (2002) Struvite formation and the fouling propensity of different materials. Water Research, 36, 3971-3978. www.elsevier.com/locate/watres

Doyle J.D., Oldring K., Churchley J., Price C., and Parsons S.A. (2002) Abstract: Chemical control of Struvite precipitation. www.cranfield.ac.uk/sims/water/iwa

Doyle J.D., Oldring K., Churchley J., Price, C. and Parsons S.A (2003) Chemical control of struvite precipitation. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 129, 419.

Dreybrodt W., Eisenlohr L., Madry B., and Ringer S. (1997) : Precipitation Kinetics of Calcite in the System CaCO₃ -H₂O - CO₂: The Conversion to CO₂ by the Slow Process H⁺+ HCO₃ CO₂ + H₂O as a Rate Limiting Step. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol.61, n18, pp. 3897-3904.

Driessens F.C.M. and Verbeeck R.M.H. (1981). Metastable states in calcium phosphate-aqueous phase equilibrations. Journal of Crytal Growth, vol. 53, pp. 55-62.

Driver J. (1997) : Phosphates recovery for recycling from sewage and animal wastes. Phosphorus and Potassium, 216, (July-August). pk216.html

Driver J., Lijmbach D., and Steen I. Why Recover Phosphorus for Recycling, and How ? Environmental Technology, Vol. 20, pp. 651-662. 1999. conf13.htm

D'Souza S.M. et al. Direct Nucleation of Calcite at Crystal-imprinted Polymer Surface (1999). Nature vol.398, pp. 312-316.

Duley B. : Recycling Phosphorus by Recovery From Sewage. Duley.doc

Durrant, A.E. (1997) The Feasability of Recovering Phosphate from Wastewater in a Form Suitable for Use as a Raw Material by the Phosphate Industry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Centre for Environmental Technology, 98 pp. conf13.htm

Durrant, A.E. Scrimshaw M.D., Stratful I. and Lester J.N. Review of the Feasability of Recovering Phosphate from Wastewater for Use as a Raw Material by the Phosphate Industry. Environmental Technology, Vol.20, pp.749-758, 1999.

Eanes E.D., Gillessen I.H., and Posner A.S. : (1965) Intermediate States in the Precipitation of Hydroxyapatite.

Eanes E.D., and Posner A.S. : (1968) Intermidiate Phases in the Basic Solution Preparation of Alkaline Earth Phosphates. Calc. Tiss. Res. 2, 38-48.

Eanes E.D. : (1970) Thermochemical Studies on Amorphous Calcium Phosphate. Calc. Tiss. Res. 5, 133-145.

Edge D. Perspectives for Nutrient Removal from Sewage and Implications for Sludge Strategy. Environmental Technology, Vol.20, pp.759-763, 1999. conf13.htm

Edward M, C.B., Heppler P.S. and Hernandez M. (1997) : Beneficial discharge of iron coagulation sludge to sewers. Journal of environmental engineering, 123, October, 1027-1032.

Eggers E., Dirkzwager A.H., and Van der Honing H., (1991) Full-scale experiences with phosphate crystallization in a crystalactor. Wat. Sci. Tech., 23, 819-824.

Eggers E., Dirkzwager, A.H. and van der Honing, H. (1991). Full-scale experience with phosphate crystallization in a Crystalactor. Water Sci. Technol. 24. 333-334.

Elliot, J.S., Sharp, R.F. and Lewis, L. (1959) The Solubility of Struvite in Urine, The Journal of Urology, Vol. 81, No. 3, pp. 366-368.

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Woods N.C., Sock S.M. and Daigger G.T. Phosphorus Recovery Technology Modeling and Feasability Evaluation for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants. Environmental Technology, Vol. 20, pp.663-679. 1999.

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Xyla A.G., Mikroyannidis J., and Koutsoukos P.G. (1992): The Inhibition of Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in Aqueous Solutions by Organophosphorus Compounds. J. Colloid and Interface Science. 153, 537-551.

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Zoppoth J. Phosphorus Recovery from Sewage Sludge. (1998) AVAT-EX 1998-05.

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Papers concerning the Fertiliser value of recovered P

Araten Y. News Fertilizer Materials (1968) - C.I.E.C. Centre International des Engrais Chimiques.

Bartolomew R.P., and Jacob K.D : Availability of Iron, Aluminium, and other Phosphates. Vol. XVI, n4. Ass. of Official Agricultural Chemists.

Benzian B. (1966) : Manuring Young Conifers : Experiments in some English Nurseries . Proceedings n94, the Fertiliser Society. Alimbic House, London, S.E.1.

Bridger G.L., Murrell L. Salustky and R. W. Starostka (1962). See SCOPE Newsletter n43 page 3 http://www.ceep-phosphates.org/scope/articles/scope43/scope43.pdf

Micronutrient Sources : Metal Ammonium Phosphates as Fertilizers

Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol 10, n 3, pp. 181-188.

Ghosh G.K., Mohan K.S., and Sarkar A.K. (1996) :Characterization of soil-fertilizer P reaction products and their evaluation as source of P for gram (Cicer arietinum L.). Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 46 : 71-79. See SCOPE Newsletter n37 http://www.ceep-phosphates.org/scope/articles/scope37/scope37.pdf

Goto H. Phosphorus Recovery Technology from Sewage Treatment Plant: Application Technology of Recovered Phosphorus from Sewage . Application for Phosphoric Fertilizer. Environmental Consevation Engineering Vol. 27, N 6, pp. 418-422, 1998.

Goto I. : Application technology of phosphorus recovered from sewage plant. 2/1 - 2/6. See SCOPE Newsletter n42 page 14 http://www.ceep-phosphates.org/scope/articles/scope42/Scopenewsletter42.pdf

Hagner S. (1966) : Timber Production by Forest Fertilisation. Proceedings n94, the Fertiliser Society. Alimbic House, London, S.E.1.

Hauck R.D. (1970 ?) : Soil and fertilizer nitrogen - A review of recent work and commentary .

House A. : The physico-chemical conditions for the precipitation of phosphate with calcium. NOT in fertiliser value section, move to main alphabetical reference list house/house.htm

Huffman E.O. (1970 ?) : Behaviour of fertilizer phosphates. 9^th International congres of soil science transaction ii(77), 745-754.

Johnston A. E. and Richards I.R. Effectiveness of different precipitated phosphates as phosphorus sources for plants, 2001, Richardsjohnston.pdf

Lea. G.F., and Smith J.B. : Availability Studies on Magnesium in Magnesic Limestones, Serpentine, Olivine, and Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate. The American Potato Journal.

Leiser A.T. : Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate for highway Plantings. A progress Report. 42^nd Annual Meeting. W.R. Grace and Co.

Lunt O.R., Kofranek A.M., Clark S.B., Nutrient Availability in Soil : Availability of Minerals from Magnesium Ammonium Phosphates Horticultural Congr., Brussels, Vol. IV Vol. 12, n6, nov.-dec. 1964

Lunt O.R., Yamaguchi F.T., and Clark S.B. (1962) : Controlled Availability Fertilizers. Part III of a Five-Part series. California Agriculture, February, 1962.

MacIntire W.H., and H.L. Marshall : Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate from Olivine and Rock Phosphate. Agricultural and Food Chemistry.

Marshall T., Augustine R.B., Thornton J., Sanborn J.M., and Leiser A.T. : Response of American Beachgrass to Fertilizer. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.

McCall W.W., and Davidson H. : Leaching and Fertility Studies with Slowly Soluble Fertilizers Applied to Container-Grown Plants. Article 48-31. Dept of Soil Science and Horticulture. Univ. of Hawaii.

McCoy J.L., S.L.J. a. W.R.R. (1986) : Plant availability of phosphorus in sewage sludge compost. Journal of Environmental Quality, 15(4), 403-409.

Koritskaya T.D., and Remen R. Y. : Magnesium Ammonium Phosphates as a Complex Fertilizer. Master of Engineering Sciences. 64-14364. O.T.S. - U.S., Dept of Commerce.

Nutrient Management : Mechanism of Controlled-release Fertilizers. http://www.cals.cornell.edu/dept/flori/growon/containr/ctrlmech.html.

Rydin E. (1996) : Experimental studies simulating potential phosphorus release from municipal sewage deposits. Water Research, 30(7), 1695-1701.

Sarkars A.K. (1990) : Phosphate cement-based fast setting binders. Ceramic bulletin, Vol. 69, n2, 234-238.

Scherrer H.W., and Werner W. : Plant availibility of phosphorus, Nitrogen and Magnesium applied with ammonium-magnesium -phosphates (struvite) derived from animal slurry. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/mineralogy/P-recovery/Scherrer2002.pdf and http://www.ceep-phosphates.org/scope/articles/scope50/Scope50.pdf

Shaw B (1969) : Magnesium ammonium phosphate fertilizer composition. A new N, P, K, Mg fertilizer, 'ERMAG' is available.

Sikora F.J., Copeland J.P., and Mullins G.L. (1992) : Division S-2-Soil Chemistry. Apparent Solubility Products of Phosphorus Impurity Coumpounds in Commercial Monoammonium Phosphate Fertilizers. Soil. Science. Soc. Am. Journ. 56:402-407.

Soil pH and Fertilizers : Mississippi State University. http://www.ext.msstate.edu/pubs/is372.htm

Soudee E, and Pra J. (2000) : Mechanism of setting reaction in magnesia-phosphate cements. Cement and concrete research, 30, 315-321.

Von Budde Th. : Ueber Dngemittel. Deutsche Apotheker-Zeitung. 91. Jahrg., n47.

Voth V., R.S. Bringhurst and Lunt O. (1963) : Preplant Fertilizers on Winter Planted Strawberries. California Agriculutre, October, 1963.

Waring H.D. and Snowdon P. (1986) : Early growth responses by pinus radiata to three mixed fertilizers. Australian forest research. 16, 91-95.

Alkali - Nuts : MSH-Struvite.http ://www.ssc.on.ca/mandm/struvit.htm

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Other publications :

Phosphates Recovery from Sewage and Animal Wastes Conference Proceedings (1998) : conf10.htm

Phosphates : a sustainable future in recycling : 1998. http://www.ceep-phosphates.org/publications.htm

Phosphorus removal and recovery technologies (Brett, Guy, Morse and Lester, Imperial College London) 1997 : http://www.ceep-phosphates.org/publications.htm

Phosphorus removal from waste water in the E.U. (Morse, Lester and Perry, Imperial College London) (1993) http://www.ceep-phosphates.org/publications.htm

Phosphorus recovery for recycling from sewage and animal manures, second international conference, Noordwijkerhout, 2001 - summary. http://www.ceep-phosphates.org/publications.htm

Phosphate recovery - Where do we stand today ? SCOPE Newsletter n 41 - January 2001 http://www.ceep-phosphates.org/publications.htm

Phosphate recovery from animal manures in the Netherlands report, Van Ruiten :manure.htm

Japanese papers for which summaries exist in English (prepared by H. Katsuura for CEEP)

Hao X.D., and M.C.M. van Loosdrecht : A proposed sustainable BNR plant with the emphasis on recovery of COD and phosphate. xdhao@hotmail.com

Hirasawa I., Tanaka T., Iwai N. (1983) : Studies on Phosphorus Removal Method. Suishitsu Odaku Kenkyu, Vol. 6, n 6.

Goto H. Phosphorus Recovery Technology from Sewage Treatment Plant: Application Technology of Recovered Phosphorus from Sewage . Application for Phosphoric Fertilizer. Environmental Consevation Engineering Vol. 27, N 6, pp. 418-422, 1998. (CEEP n 2).

Kameyama K., Sugimori N. : Technical Survey on Resource Recovery from Reject Water of Anaerobic Digestion. Japan Sewage Works Agency R & D Report, Vol . 1995, pp.42-50, 1995, (CEEP n 8).

Katsuura H., Ueno Y. Phosphorus Recovery Technologies from Sewage Treatment Plant : Phosphorus Resource Recovery System, Granule Forming Phosphorus Removal Process. Environmental Conservation Engineering Vol. 27, N 6, pp. 397-402, 1998, (CEEP n 5). conf13.htm

Liu F., Mitchell C.C., Hill D.T., Odom J.W., and Rochester E.W. : Water Quality : Phosphorus recovery in surface runoff from swine lagoon effluent by overland flow. J. Environ. Qual. 26:995-1001 (1997). Fliu@uckac.edu

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