Research
Research interests
There is now general recognition that taxonomy must transform itself into a web-based information science, both to increase its efficiency and to better serve its user community of biodiversity and other biological scientists. The CATE (Creating A Taxonomic E-science) project developed models to implement the procedures of a web-based, peer-reviewed taxonomic enterprise and to display and manipulate taxonomic data, and demonstrated their value using two demonstrator taxa (hawkmoths and arum lilies). The hawkmoth demonstrator web site can be found at CATE. However, substantial work remains to develop the system into a seamless, user-friendly whole that can be used effortlessly by the taxonomic community and thus gain wide acceptance.
Hawkmoths are among the best known insects, providing model organisms for the study of diverse biological phenomena. A testable phylogeny providing a predictive classification is essential to underpin this research and facilitate well-formulated hypotheses. Hawkmoths are also extremely well-represented in collections, constituting a significant data resource to be mobilized to demonstrate the continued relevance of such collections to Twenty-First Century biology.
Likewise, a phylogenetic classification of mosquitoes that is predictive of biological and ecological traits is essential for addressing issues of scientific and public health in this group of medically important insects.
Research questions
- Taxonomic endeavour is highly fragmented and the results are often inaccessible to the wider biological community. Can a system be developed to transfer the entire taxonomic enterprise, both scientific and sociological, into a fully functional, web-based environment?
- What is the evolutionary history of hawkmoths (Sphingidae) and how can this be used to inform on general questions of biology, ecology, genetics and conservation?
- What is the evolutionary history of mosquitoes (Culicidae) and how can this be used to address general biological questions and inform decisions of medical importance and public health.
Results of research
The results of my current research fall within three subject areas: e-taxonomy, taxonomy, identification, medical entomology, phylogeny and classification, and vector systematics. A selection of publications from each of these areas is presented below (see Publications for a complete bibliography).
E-taxonomy
- Godfray, H.J.C., Clark, B.R., Kitching, I.J., Mayo, S.J. & Scoble, M.J. 2007. The web and the structure of taxonomy. Systematic Biology 56: 943-955.
- Scoble, M.J., Clark, B., Godfray, H.C.J., Kitching, I.J. & Mayo, S. 2007. Revisionary taxonomy in a changing e-landscape. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 150: 305-317.
- Mayo, S.J., Allkin, R., Baker, W., Blagoderov, V., Brake, I., Clark, B., Govaerts, R., Godfray, C., Haigh, A., Hand, R., Harman, K., Jackson, M., Kilian, N., Kirkup, D.W., Kitching, I., Knapp, S., Lewis, G.P., Malcolm-Tompkins, P., von Raab-Straube, E., Roberts, D.M., Scoble, M., Simpson, D.A., Smith, C., Smith, V., Villalba, S., Walley, L. & Wilkin, P. 2008. Alpha e-taxonomy: responses from the systematics community to the biodiversity crisis. Kew Bulletin 63: 1-16.
- Smith, C.R., Godfray, H.C.J., Scoble, M.J., Clark, B.R., Kitching, I.J., Mayo, S.J., Blagoderov, V., Haigh, A.L., Jackson, M., Sadler, S., Lay, L.N. & Young, R.P.W. 2008. Introducing CATE - a model for moving taxonomy to the web. Pp. 137-144 in: Yata, O. (Ed.), The 2nd Report on Insect Inventory Project in Tropical Asia (TAIIV) “The development of Insect Inventory Project in Tropical Asia (TAIIV)”. Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
- Clark, B.R. Godfray, H.C.J., Kitching, I.J., Mayo, S.J., Scoble, M.J. 2009. Taxonomy as an e-Science. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 367: 953-966.
Hawkmoths
Phylogenetics
- Kitching, I.J. 2002. The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 135: 471-527.
- Kitching, I.J. 2003. Phylogeny of the death's head hawkmoths, Acherontia [Laspeyres], and related genera (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae: Sphinginae: Acherontiini). Systematic Entomology 28: 71-88.
Hundsdoerfer, A., Kitching, I. & Wink, M. 2003. The molecular phylogeny of the Hyles euphorbiae complex (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 3 (Electronic Supplement 17): 27.
- Hundsdoerfer, A.K., Kitching, I.J. & Wink, M. 2005. Morphological variability of Hyles t. tithymali (Boisduval, 1832) caterpillars on the Canary Islands (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift 115: 29-33.
- Hundsdoerfer, A., Kitching, I. & Wink, M. 2004. Biogeography and phylogeny of the genus Hyles (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) based on mt-DNA sequences. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 4 (Electronic Supplement 6): 33.
Hundsdoerfer, A.K., Kitching, I.J. & Wink, M. 2005. A molecular phylogeny of the hawkmoth genus Hyles (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Macroglossinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35: 442-458.
- Hundsdoerfer, A.K., Kitching, I.J. & Wink, M. 2005. The phylogeny of the Hyles euphorbiae-complex (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae): molecular evidence from sequence data and ISSR-PCR fingerprints. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 5: 173-198.
- Kawahara, A.Y., Mignault, A.A., Regier, J.C., Kitching, I.J. & Mitter, C. 2009. Phylogeny and biogeography of hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae): evidence from five nuclear genes. PLoS ONE 4(5): e5719.
- Hundsdoerfer, A.K., Rubinoff, D., Attié, M., Wink, M. & Kitching, I.J. 2009. A revised molecular phylogeny of the globally distributed hawkmoth genus Hyles (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52: 852-865.
- Hundsdoerfer, A.K., Mende, M., Harbich, H., Pittaway, A.R. & Kitching, I.J. 2011. Larval pattern morphotypes in the Western Palaearctic Hyles euphorbiae complex (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Macroglossinae). Insect Systematics and Evolution 42: 41-86.
- Hundsdoerfer, A.K., Mende, M.B., Kitching, I.J. & Cordellier, M. 2011. Taxonomy, phylogeography and climate relations of the Western Palaearctic spurge hawkmoth (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae, Macroglossinae). Zoologica Scripta 40: 403-417.
Macroecology
Beck, J., Kitching, I.J. & Linsenmair, K.E. 2006. Wallace's line revisited: has vicariance or dispersal shaped the distribution of Malesian hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 89: 455-468.
- Beck, J. & Kitching, I.J. 2006. Hawkmoths (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) of Southeast Asia: online distribution maps and island checklists. Zoological Society of Wallacea Newsletter 4: 3-14.
- Beck, J., Kitching, I.J. & Linsenmair, K.E. 2006. Determinants of regional species richness: an empirical analysis of the number of hawkmoth species (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) in the Malesian archipelago. Journal of Biogeography 33: 694-706.
- Beck, J., Kitching, I.J. & Linsenmair, K.E. 2006. Effects of habitat disturbance can be subtle yet significant: biodiversity of hawkmoth-assemblages (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) in Southeast-Asia. Biodiversity and Conservation 15: 465-486.
- Beck, J., Kitching, I.J. & Linsenmair, K.E. 2006. Measuring range sizes of Southeast-Asian hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae): effects of scale, resolution and phylogeny. Global Ecology & Biogeography 15: 339-348.
- Beck, J., Kitching, I.J. & Linsenmair, K.E. 2006. Extending the study of range-abundance relations to tropical insects: sphingid moths in Southeast-Asia. Evolutionary Ecology Research 8: 677-690.
- Beck, J., Kitching, I.J. & Linsenmair, K.E. 2006. Diet breadth and host plant relationships of Southeast-Asian sphingid caterpillars. Ecotropica 12: 1-13.
- León-Cortés, J.L., Kitching, I.J. & Molina-Martínez, A. 2006. Distribution patterns of Sphingidae in Mexico. Pp. 629-647, in: Llorente-Bousquets, J. & Morrone, J.J. (eds), Componentes bióticos principales de la entomofauna mexicana, vol. 2. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. ix + 1025 pp (2 vols).
Beck, J. Kitching, I.J. & Haxaire, J. 2007. The latitudinal distribution of sphingid species richness in continental Southeast Asia: what causes the biodiversity ‘hot spot’ in northern Thailand? The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 55: 179-185.
- Beck, J. & Kitching, I.J. 2007. Estimating regional species richness of tropical insects from museum data: a comparison of a geography-based and sample-based methods. Journal of Applied Ecology 44: 672-681.
- Beck, J. & Kitching, I.J. 2007. Correlates of range size and dispersal ability: a comparative analysis of sphingid moths from the Indo-Australian tropics. Global Ecology and Biogeography 16: 341-349.
- Hawkins, B.A., Albuquerque, F.S., Araújo, M.B., Beck, J., Bini, L.M., Cabrero-Sañudo, F.J., Castro-Parga, I., Diniz-Filho, J.A.F., Ferrer-Castán, D., Field, R., Gómez, J.F., Hortal, J., Kerr, J.T., Kitching, I.J., León-Cortés, J.L., Lobo, J.M., Montoya, D., Moreno, J.C., Olalla-Tárraga, M.Á., Pausas, J.G., Qian, H., Rahbek, C., Rodríguez, M.Á., Sanders, N.J., Albuquerque F.S. & Williams, P. 2007. A global evaluation of metabolic theory as an explanation for terrestrial species richness gradients. Ecology 88: 1877-1888.
- Beck, J. & Kitching, I.J. 2009. Drivers of moth species richness on tropical altitudinal gradients: a cross-regional comparison. Global Ecology & Biogeography 18: 361-371.
- Bini, L.M., Diniz-Filho, J.A.F., Rangel, T.F.L.V.B., Akre, T.S.B., Albaladejo, R.G., Albuquerque, F.S., Aparacio, A., Araújo, M.B., Baselga, A., Beck, J., Bellocq, M.I., Böhning-Gaese, K., Borges, P.A.V., Castro-Parga, I., Chey, V.C., Chown, S.L., de Marco Jr, P., Dobkin, D.S., Ferrer-Castán, D., Field, R., Filloy, J., Fleishman, E., Gómez, J.F., Hortal, J., Iverson, J.B., Kerr, J.T., Kissling, W.D., Kitching, I.J., León-Cortés, J.L., Lobo, J.M., Montoya, D., Morales-Castilla, I., Moreno, J.C., Oberdorff, T., Olalla-Tárraga, M.Á., Pausas, J.G., Qian, H., Rahbek, C., Rodríguez, M.Á., Rueda, M., Ruggiero, A., Sackman, P., Sanders, N.J., Terribile, L.C., Vetaas, O.R. & Hawkins, B.A. 2009. Coefficient shifts in geographical ecology: an empirical evaluation of spatial and non-spatial regression. Ecography 32: 193-204.
- Attié, M., Kitching, I.J. & Veslot, J. 2010. Patterns of larval hostplant usage among hawkmoths (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) from La Réunion, with a comparison of the Mascarenes with other regions of the world. Terre et Vie 65: 3-44.
- Ballesteros-Mejia, L., Kitching, I.J. & Beck, J. 2011. Projecting the potential invasion of the Pink Spotted Hawkmoth (Agrius cingulata) across Africa. International Journal of Pest Management 57: 153-159.
- Beck, J., Holloway, J.D., Chey, V.K. & Kitching, I.J. 2012. Diversity partitioning confirms the importance of beta components in tropical rainforest Lepidoptera. The American Naturalist 180 (3): E64-E74. doi: 10.1086/666982; URL: http//:www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/666982
- Ballesteros-Mejia, L., Kitching, I.J., Jetz, W., Nagel, P. & Beck, J. 2013. Mapping the biodiversity of tropical insects: species richness and inventory completeness of African sphingid moths. Global Ecology & Biogeography 22: 586-595. doi: 10.1111/geb.12039
DNA barcoding
- Janzen, D.H., Hallwachs, W., Blandin, P., Burns, J.M., Cadiou, J.-M., Chacon, I., Dapkey, T., Deans, A.R., Epstein, M.E., Espinoza, B., Franclemont, J.G., Haber, W.A., Hajibabaei, M., Hall, J.P.W., Hebert, P.D.N., Gauld, I.D., Harvey, D.J., Hausmann, A., Kitching, I.J., Lafontaine, D., Landry, J.-F., Lemaire, C., Miller, J., Miller, J.S., Miller, L., Miller, S.E., Montero, J., Munroe, E., Rab Green, S., Rawlins, J.E., Robbins, R.K., Rodriguez, J.J., Rougerie, R., Sharkey, M.J., Smith, M.A., Solis, M.A., Sullivan, B., Thiaucourt, P., Wahl, D.B., Weller, S.J., Whitfield, J.B., Willmott, K.R., Wood, D.M., Woodley, N.E., Wilson, J.J. 2009. Integration of DNA barcoding into an ongoing inventory of complex tropical biodiversity. Molecular Ecology Resources 9 (suppl. 1): 1-26.
- Wilson, J.J., Rougerie, R., Schonfeld, J., Janzen, D.H., Hallwachs, W., Hajibabaei, M., Kitching, I.J., Haxaire, J. & Hebert, P.D.N. 2011. When species matches are unavailable are DNA barcodes correctly assigned to higher taxa? An assessment using sphingid moths. BMC Ecology 11: 18. (http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6785/11/18)
- Rougerie, R., Haxaire, J., Kitching, I.J. & Hebert, P. 2012. DNA barcodes and morphology reveal a hybrid hawkmoth in Tahiti (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Invertebrate Systematics 26: 445-450. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/IS12029)
Pollination biology
- Ando, T., Nomura, M., Tsukahara, J., Kokubun, H., Watanabe, H., Hashimoto, G., Marchesi, E. & Kitching, I.J. 2001. Reproductive isolation in a native population of Petunia sensu Jussieu (Solanaceae) Annals of Botany 88: 403-413.
- Arditti, J., Elliott, J., Kitching, I.J. & Wasserthal, L.T. 2012. ‘Good Heavens what insect can suck it’ – Charles Darwin, Angraecum sesquipedale and Xanthopan morganii praedicta. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 169: 403-432. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01250.x
Alpha taxonomy
- Cadiou, J.-M. & Kitching, I.J. 1990. New Sphingidae from Thailand (Lepidoptera). Lambillionea 90(4): 3-34.
Kitching, I.J. & Spitzer, K. 1995. An annotated checklist of the Sphingidae of Vietnam. Tinea 14: 171-195.
- Kitching, I.J. & Brechlin, R. 1996. New species of the genera Rhodoprasina Rothschild & Jordan and Acosmeryx Boisduval from Thailand and Vietnam, with a redescription of Rhodoprasina corolla Cadiou & Kitching (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo (N.F.) 17: 51-66.
Kitching, I.J., Owada, M. & Brechlin, R. 1997. A revision of the genus Pentateucha (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae), with the description of two new species from eastern China and Taiwan. Tinea 15: 79-93.
- Tennent, W.J. & Kitching, I.J. 1998. A reappraisal of two endemic hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from the Solomons Archipelago. Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo (N.F.) 19: 1-21.
- Kitching, I.J. & Jin, X.B. 1998. A new species of Sphinx (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from Sichuan province, China. Tinea 15: 275-280.
- Cadiou, J.-M. & Kitching, I.J. 1998. A new species of Ampelophaga from Nepal and northeastern India (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Lambillionea 98: 353-358.
- Kitching, I.J. & Cadiou, J.-M. 2000. Hawkmoths of the world: an annotated and illustrated revisionary checklist (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). The Natural History Museum, London & Cornell University Press, Ithaca. viii + 226 pp.
Kitching, I.J., Treadaway, C.G. & Hogenes, W. 2000. Psilogramma villani n. sp., a new hawkmoth from the Philippines and Sulawesi (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo (N.F.) 21: 57-60.
- Brechlin, R., Kitching, I.J. & Cadiou, J.-M. 2001. Description of a new species of the genus Polyptychus Hübner, [1819] "1816" (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from the Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia, with notes on several species of the subtribe Choerocampina. Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo (N.F.) 22: 31-35.
Cadiou, J.-M. & Kitching, I.J. 2001. Polyptychus affinis Rothschild & Jordan, 1903, revisited (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Entomologica Africana 6: 35-40.
- Lachlan, R.B. & Kitching, I.J. 2001. A new species of hawk moth (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from Papua New Guinea. Australian Entomologist 28: 117-122.
Yen, S.H., Kitching, I.J. & Tzen, C.S. 2003. A new subspecies of hawkmoth from Lanyu, Taiwan, with a revised and annotated checklist of Taiwanese Sphingidae (Lepidoptera). Zoological Studies 42: 292-306.
- Haxaire, J. & Kitching, I.J. 2003. On the identity of Cechenena aegrota (Butler, 1875) and related species (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 108: 355-360.
- Kitching, I.J. & Haxaire, J. 2004. Clanis phalaris cottoni ssp. n., nouveau sphinx du nord de la Thaïlande (Lepidoptera Sphingidae). Lépidoptères 2: 35-45.
- Brechlin, R. & Kitching, I.J. 2007. Zwei neue Taxa der Gattung Acosmeryx Boisduval, [1875] (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo (N.F.) 28: 5-10.
- Kitching, I.J. & Zahiri, R. 2007. Taxonomic notes and new records of the genus Sphingonaepiopsis Wallengren, 1858 (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) in Iran. Zootaxa 1610: 41-52.
- Vaglia, T., Haxaire, J., Kitching, I.J., Meusnier, I. & Rougerie, R. 2008. Morphology and DNA barcoding reveal three cryptic species within the Xylophanes neoptolemus and loelia species-groups (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Zootaxa 1923: 18-36.
- Brechlin, R. & Kitching, I.J. 2009. Degmaptera cadioui n. sp., eine neue Sphingide (Lepidoptera) von Palawan, Philippinen. Entomo-Satsphingia 2: 5-7.
- Brechlin, R. & Kitching, I.J. 2009. Ein Überblick über die Gattung Sataspes Moore, [1858] mit Beschreibung zweier neuer Arten von den Philippinen (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae. Entomo-Satsphingia 2: 13-22.
- Vaglia, T., Haxaire, J. Kitching, I. & Liyous, M. 2010. Contribution à la connaissance des Theretra Hübner, 1819, des complexes clotho (Drury, 1773), boisduvalii (Bugnion, 1839) et rhesus (Boisduval, [1875]) d’Asie continentale et du Sud-est (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). The European Entomologist 3: 41-77.
- Brechlin, R. & Kitching, I.J. 2010. Einiger Anmerkungen zur moorei-Gruppe der Gattung Ambulyx Westwood, 1847 mit Beschreibung neuer Taxa (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Entomo-Satsphingia 3 (3): 20-26.
- Brechlin, R. & Kitching, I.J. 2010. Vier neue Arten der Gattung Psilogramma Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Entomo-Satsphingia 3 (3): 66-74.
- Kitching, I.J. 2011. A new species of Leptoclanis Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 from Upemba National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Entomologia Africana 16: 7-12
- Brechlin, R. & Kitching, I.J. 2012. Ein neue Art der Gattung Callambulyx Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Entomo-Satsphingia 5 (3): 56-60.
- Kitching, I.J. 2013. A new species of Cypa from New Guinea (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae, Smerinthinae). Suara Serangga Papua (SUGAPA) 7: 85-91.
Field guides and checklists
- Inoue, H., Kennett, R.D. & Kitching, I.J. [1996]. Sphingidae. Moths of Thailand 2: vi + 149 pp. + 44 pls. Chok Chai Press, Bangkok.
- Pittaway, A.R. & Kitching, I.J. 2000. Notes on selected species of hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from China, Mongolia and the Korean Peninsula. Tinea 16: 170-211.
- Kitching, I.J., Ledezma, J. & Baixeras, J. 2001. An annotated checklist of the Sphingidae of Bolivia (Insecta: Lepidoptera). Gayana 65: 79-111.
- Moré, M., Kitching, I.J. & Cocucci, A. 2005. Sphingidae: Esfíngidos de Argentina. Hawkmoths of Argentina. L.O.L.A. (Literature of Latin America), Buenos Aires, Argentina. xvi + 166 pp.
- Smetacek, P. & Kitching, I.J. 2012. The hawkmoths of Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, India (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo (N.F.) 32: 113-115.
Popular articles
- Kitching, I.J. 2006. The biology of Death’s Head Hawkmoths, lepidopteran kleptoparasites of honey bees. Central Association of Beekeepers Lecture Booklet Series, 20 pp.
Lepidoptera phylogenetics and systematics
- Regier, J.C., Zwick, A., Cummings, M.P., Kawahara, A.Y., Cho, S., Weller, S., Roe, A., Baixeras, J., Brown, J.W., Parr, C., Davis, D.R., Epstein, M., Hallwachs, W., Hausmann, A., Janzen, D.H., Kitching, I.J., Solis, M.A., Yen, S.-H., Bazinet, A.L. & Mitter, C. 2009. Towards reconstructing the evolution of advanced moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia): an initial molecular study. BMC Evolutionary Biology 9: 280.
- Zahiri, R., Kitching, I.J., Lafontaine, J.D., Mutanen, M., Kaila, L., Holloway, J.D. & Wahlberg, N. 2011. A new molecular phylogeny offers hope for a stable family-level classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera). Zoologica Scripta 40: 158-173.
- Zahiri, R., Holloway, J.D., Kitching, I.J., Lafontaine, J.D., Mutanen, M. & Wahlberg, N. 2012. Molecular phylogenetics of Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea). Systematic Entomology 37: 102-124. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00607.x
- Nieukerken, E.J. van, Kaila, L., Kitching, I.J., Kristensen, N.P., Lees, D.C., Minet, J., Mitter, C., Mutanen, M., Regier, J.C., Simonsen, T.J., Wahlberg, N., Yen, S.-H., Zahiri, R., Adamski, D., Baixeras, J., Bartsch, D., Bengtsson, B.Å., Brown, J.W., Bucheli, S.R., Davis, D.R., De Prins, J., De Prins, W., Epstein, M.E., Gentili-Poole, P., Gielis, C., Hättenschwiler, P., Hausmann, A., Holloway, J.D., Kallies, A., Karsholt, O., Kawahara, A., Koster, S.J.C., Kozlov, M., Lafontaine, J.D., Lamas, G., Landry, J.-F., Lee, S., Nuss, M., Park, K.T., Penz, C., Rota, J., Schmidt, B.C., Schintlmeister, A., Sohn, J.C., Solis, M.A., Tarmann, G.M., Warren, A.D., Weller, S., Yakovlev, R.V., Zolotuhin, V.V. & Zwick, A. 2011. Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.), Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148: 212-221.
Mosquito phylogenetic and systematics
- Harbach, R.E. & Kitching, I.J. 1998. Phylogeny and classification of the Culicidae (Diptera). Systematic Entomology 23: 327-370.
- Anthony, T.G., Harbach, R.E. & Kitching, I.J. 1999. Phylogeny of the Pyretophorus Series of Anopheles subgenus Cellia (Diptera: Culicidae). Systematic Entomology 24: 193-205.
- Reinert, J.F., Harbach, R.E. & Kitching, I.J. 2004. Phylogeny and classification of Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae), based on morphological characters of all life stages. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 289-368.Harbach, R.E. & Kitching, I.J. 2005. Reconsideration of anopheline phylogeny (Diptera: Culicidae: Anophelinae) based on morphological data. Systematics and Biodiversity 3: 345-374.
- Reinert, J.F., Harbach, R.E. & Kitching, I.J. 2006. Phylogeny and classification of Finlaya and allied taxa (Diptera: Culicidae: Aedini) based on morphological data from all life stages. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 148: 1-101.
- Harbach, R.E., Vu Duc Huong & Kitching, I.J. 2007. Systematics of Kimia, a new genus of Sabethini (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Oriental Region. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 109: 102-120.
- Harbach, R.E., Rattanarithikul, R., Howard, T.M., Linton, Y.-M. & Kitching, I.J. 2007. Systematics of a new genus and cavernicolous species of the mosquito tribe Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae) from Thailand. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 109: 469-488.
- Reinert, J.F., Harbach, R.E. & Kitching, I.J. 2008. Phylogeny and classification of Ochlerotatus and allied taxa (Diptera: Culicidae: Aedini) based on morphological data from all life stages. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153: 29-114.
- Reinert, J.F., Harbach, R.E. & Kitching, I.J. 2010. Phylogeny and classification of tribe Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157: 700-794.
- Harbach, R.E., Kitching, I.J., Culverwell, C.L., Dubois, J. & Linton, Y.-M. 2012. Phylogeny of mosquitoes of the tribe Culicini (Diptera: Culicidae) based on morphological diversity. Zoologica Scripta 41: 499-514.