(a species of owlet moth (Noctuid)) Some caterpillars, after they emerge from their egg, can increase their weight by 25,000 times.

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References

Numerous mineral species and unique mineral assemblages are associated with habitats where Acarospora sinopica and other 'metal-loving' lichens occur. This image shows "Halotrichite" [FeAl2(SO4)4· 22H2O], only found so far on shales on the surface. Magnifying glass is 85mm long. Parys Copper Mine, Amlwch, Anglesey, Wales. 20 March 2008.

  • Crewe, A. T., Purvis, O. W. & Wedin, M. (2006) Molecular phylogeny of Acarosporaceae (Ascomycota) with focus on the proposed genus Polysporinopsis. Mycological Research 110, 521-526.
  • Crewe, A. T., Wedin, M. & Purvis, O. W. (2006) Mineralisation and evolution in rust-coloured Acarospora from a Swedish mine. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, A118.
  • Fletcher, A., James, P. W. & Purvis, O. W. (2009) Acarospora. In Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. Smith C.W., Aptroot A., Coppins B. J., Fletcher A., Gilbert O. L., James P. W., Wolseley P. A., eds. pp 107-114.
  • Hauck, M., Huneck, S., Elix, J. A. & Paul, A. (2007) Does secondary chemistry enable lichens to grow on iron-rich substrates? Flora 202, 471–478.
  • Jenkins, D. A., Johnson, A. H. & Freeman, C. (2000) Mynydd Parys Cu-Pb-Zn Mines: mineralogy, microbiology and acid mine drainage. In Environmental Mineralogy: Microbial Interactions, Anthropogenic Influences, Contaminated Land and Waste Management. Cotter-Howells J. D., Campbell L. S., Valsami-Jones E., Batchelder, M., eds. (Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London). pp 161-179.
  • Lange, O. L. & Ziegler, H. (1963) Der schwermetallgehalt von Flechten aus dem Acarosporetum sinopicae auf Erzschlackenhalden des Harzes.  I.  Eisen und Kupfer. Mitteilungen der Floristisch-soziologischen ArbeitsGemeinschaft, 10, 156-183.
  • Noeske, O., A. Läuchli, Lange, O. L., Vieweg. G. H. & Ziegler, H. (1970) Konzentration und lokalisierung von Schwermetallen in Flechten der Erzschlackenhalden des Harzes. Deutsche Botanische Gesellschaft Neue Folge 4, 67-79.
  • Purvis, O. W. (2010) Chapter 3. Lichens and Industrial Pollution. In: Batty, L. C. & Hallberg, K. (eds.) Ecology of Industrial Pollution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 41-69.
  • Purvis, O. W., Kearsley, A., Cressey, G., Batty, L. C., Jenkins, D.A., Crewe, A.T. & Wedin, M. (2008) Mineralization in rust-coloured Acarospora. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment. Taipei, Taiwan, November 16-23, 2008. Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taiwan. Chen Z-S, Lee D-Y, Lin T-S, eds. pp 472-474.
  • Purvis, O. W., Kearsley, A., Cressey, G., Crewe, A.T. & Wedin, M. (2008) Mineralization in rust-coloured Acarospora. Geomicrobiology Journal 25, 142 - 148.
  • Weber, W. A. (1962) Environmental modification and the taxonomy of the crustose lichens. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 56, 293-333.
  • Wedin, M., Westberg, M., Crewe, A.T., Tehler, A. & Purvis, O.W. (2009) Species delimitation and evolution of metal bioaccumulation in the lichenized Acarospora smaragdula (Ascomycota, Fungi) complex. Cladistics 25, 161-172.
  • Wirth, V. (1972) Die Silikatflechten - Gemeinschaften im ausseralpinen Zentraleuropa. Dissertationes Botanicae Lehre 17, 1–306, plates 1-9.
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