Most people reading this code will support the voluntary plant conservation organisations in their efforts to halt the decline in the native flora of Britain and Ireland and to ensure that all our wild flowering plants, ferns, mosses, liverworts, lichens, algae and fungi remain for future generations to enjoy. Wild plants are a key to the enjoyment of the countryside, primarily for their appeal in their natural surroundings but also because of the pleasure they give photographers, naturalists, flower arrangers and cooks. Generally, uprooting is harmful, but picking with care and in moderation usually does little damage and can foster the appreciation of wild plants, which in turn benefits their conservation. However, in some cases picking can be harmful and it may even be illegal. This leaflet has been written for botanists, teachers and people who wish simply to enjoy wild plants. It aims to indicate where collecting and picking are acceptable and which wild plants should not be taken.
All wild plants are given some protection under the laws of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. This leaflet summarises the relevant legislation in the UK, but does not attempt to cover that of the Republic of Ireland (although a list of species protected in Ireland is included). The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands are not covered by UK law.
Under the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981, which covers Britain, it is illegal to uproot any wild plant without permission from the landowner or occupier. Uproot is defined as to ‘dig up or otherwise remove the plant from the land on which it is growing’, whether or not it actually has roots; and, for the purposes of the legislation, the term ‘plant’ includes algae, lichens and fungi as well the true plants – mosses, liverworts and vascular plants. Similar general protection is given to all plants in Northern Ireland, under the Wildlife (Northern Ireland) Order, 1985.
Even plants growing wild are the legal property of somebody, and under the Theft Act, 1968, it is an offence to uproot plants for commercial purposes without authorisation.
A variety of statutory designations are used for sites of high nature conservation interest, including National Nature Reserves, Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) in Britain and Areas of Special Scientific Interest (ASSIs) in Northern Ireland. Owners and occupiers may be prosecuted if they destroy plants growing in these sites or remove plant material, unless they have first consulted the statutory conservation agencies (English Nature, the Countryside Council for Wales, Scottish Natural Heritage or the Environment and Heritage Service, Northern Ireland). It is illegal to pick, uproot or remove plants if by-laws are in operation which forbid these activities, for example on Nature Reserves, Ministry of Defence property or National Trust land.
Both the Wildlife and Countryside Act and the Wildlife (Northern Ireland) order contain a list (Schedule 8) of endangered plants, which are protected against intentional picking, uprooting and destruction (unless a licence is obtained from the relevant authority, or the damage is a result of a lawful activity and could not reasonably have been avoided). These plants are also protected against sale. In addition, there are two species (Bluebell in Britain and Primrose in Northern Ireland) which are listed for protection only against sale. Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act is revised every five years. Current lists of the species afforded special protection in Britain and in Northern Ireland are given in this leaflet.
Certain internationally rare wild plants are given legal protection throughout the European Community, as a result of the ‘Habitats’ Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC). The nine vascular plants which occur in the UK which require protection against deliberate picking, collecting, cutting, uprooting, destruction and sale are listed below. Regulations apply to all stages in the biological cycle of these plants, so seeds and spores are protected as well as mature specimens. All these species are also included in Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act.
Some wild plants are protected against international trade under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). The only UK species to which CITES applies are Snowdrop Galanthus nivalis, if this is native, and all the orchids.
The Habitats Directive also requires the establishment of a European network of protected sites (Special Areas of Protection) for the conservation of important habitats and rare species. SACs are to be designated in the UK for the nine species listed above and four other plants – two liverworts and two mosses:
All thirteen of the plants listed above also require protection against deliberate picking, collecting, cutting, uprooting, possession and sale under the Council of Europe’s Bern Convention (Convention on the conservation of European wildlife and natural habitats), which covers an area wider than the European Union. The Bern Convention requirements are implemented in the UK by the inclusion of these species in Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act.
It is an offence, without a licence, to plant or cause to grow in the wild any plant listed on Schedule 9 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act or on Schedule 9 of the Wildlife (Northern Ireland) Order. These schedules include alien plants which may pose a threat to our native flora. The lists are revised from time to time and the current ones for Britain and Northern Ireland are given in this leaflet.
This leaflet provides guidance for people who wish to pick plants for pleasure, pursue botanical studies, collect specimens for educational purposes or gather wild food for individual or family use. It does not address commercial gathering of plant material. The aim is to promote the conservation of wild plants, whilst encouraging the enjoyment of the countryside. This means that picking is acceptable in some cases, but in other circumstances plants are better left for others to enjoy.
Information on plants in danger of extinction nationally or locally are published in national Red Data Books and County Rare Plant Registers. Rare plants are not necessarily protected by law, but none of them should be picked for pleasure. If you are not a specialist it may be difficult to know which they are: a good rule of thumb is that if a plant looks unusual, or if there is very little of it, resist the temptation to pick it. Take only those plants with which you are familiar and which you know are widespread and plentiful in the area. Lists of rare species can be obtained from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee, or viewed on its web site.
Collecting small amounts of plant material for identification purposes, for private herbaria, for research or as voucher specimens is usually acceptable, except in the case of protected or Red List species. Indeed, collecting is often necessary if botanical expertise is to be developed. Unless you are authorised, do not collect if there is any suspicion that the plant is a Red List species or if the population is very small and may suffer as a result. If a plant can be named in the field take the field guide to it, not vice versa. If a specimen really is needed, remove the minimum quantity of material, for instance a leaf or a single flower from an inflorescence, just a few stems from a moss cushion, a small part of a lichen or alga colony, or a single fungus fruit body.
Be careful not to trespass when picking plants and never take material from a nature reserve or protected site without permission. Untended road verges and public rights of way are often good sources of wild flowers, but look out for traffic!
Teachers and leaders of field meetings are reminded that it is their responsibility to obtain permission from landowners, ensure that groups comply with the law and follow these guidelines. A large group of people can unwittingly do considerable damage if care is not taken. Unrestricted collecting by enthusiastic students may endanger local plant populations.
Non-commercial gathering of berries, nuts and mushrooms for the table is a traditional use of the countryside and probably does no harm to the plant, providing it is carried out in moderation and the plant is common. However, many plants and fungi are poisonous, so never eat anything unless you are sure that it is safe to do so. Collecting wild flower seed for private gardening must also be done sparingly and only common species should be gathered. English Nature has produced a separate code for the conservation of fungi, together with guidance for those who collect mushrooms to eat. Please contact EN at the address given below.
Plant photography is enjoyed by many people, but should be done with care. ‘Gardening’ before taking photographs may unnaturally expose a plant or give away the site of an unusual species. Bear in mind, too, that nearby plants, including seedlings and slow-growing, inconspicuous mosses and lichens, can inadvertently be crushed.
Unintentional damage can be caused by well-meaning people, so remember that trampling can kill vegetation and lead to soil compaction. If you visit a rare plant, avoid doing anything which may alter its surroundings or expose its location to collectors. Avoid publicising the sites of rare species, but inform your local Wildlife Trust, botanical society recorder, or statutory conservation agency about new finds, as they can help to safeguard the plants and their habitats. Respect requests from conservation bodies or landowners not to visit particular sites at certain times.
As mentioned above, it is an offence to introduce to the wild seeds, propagules or mature plants of any ‘Schedule 9’ species. There are many other alien species which are invasive and can be detrimental to our native flora, so alien plants should never be intro-duced to the wild. Aquatic plants such as Canadian Pondweed Elodea canadensis and New Zealand Pygmyweed Crassula helmsii can be particularly damaging, so do not tip unwanted material from aquaria into streams or ponds. Moving even native plants about the country can be unwise. Now, the main emphasis of conservation is to maintain native plants within their natural ranges. Introductions may disturb natural patterns of distribution, which can be subtle and involve sub-species and varieties. Many plants have been introduced into the wrong places, and inappropriate, even foreign, strains have been released. There is therefore a strong presumption against casual introductions. Do not introduce seed or other living plant material to the wild unless this is part of a well organised scheme sanctioned by your local wildlife trust or botanical society, or by one of the statutory conservation organisations. A leaflet giving advice and sources of native seed for the garden is available from the BSBI.
Wild plants and their habitats around the world are threatened. Remember to follow the principles of this code when visiting other countries. Make sure that you are familiar with the nature protection laws of your host country.
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Joint Nature Conservation Committee Monkstone House, City Road, Peterborough PE1 1JY |
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England English Nature, Northminster House, Peterborough PE1 1UA |
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Scotland Scottish Natural Heritage, 2/5 Anderson Place, Edinburgh EH6 5NP |
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Wales Countryside Council for Wales, Plas Penrhos, Ffordd Penrhos, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2LQ |
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Northern Ireland Environment and Heritage Service, Northern Ireland, Commonwealth House 35 Castle Street, Belfast BT1 1GU see www.naturenet.net/orgs/doeni.html, not the official site but even open.gov.uk points to it. |
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Republic of Ireland The Department of Arts, Heritage, Gaeltacht and the Islands, 51 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland |
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Botanical Society of the British Isles
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British Bryological Society
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British Lichen Society
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British Mycological Society
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British Phycological Society
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British Pteridological Society
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Plantlife
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Wildflower Society
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Plants specially protected in Great Britain (revised 1998).
Algae
Chara canescens Bearded Stonewort
Lamprothamnium papulosum Foxtail Stonewort
Fungi
Battarraea phalloides Sandy Stilt-puffball
Boletus regius Royal Bolete
Buglossoporus pulvinus Oak Polypore
Hericinum erinaceum Hedgehog Fungus
Lichens
Alectoria ochroleuca Alpine Sulphur-tresses
Bryoria furcellata Forked Hair-lichen
Buellia asterella Starry Breck-lichen
Caloplaca luteoalba Orange-fruited Elm-lichen
Caloplaca nivalis Snow Caloplaca
Catapyrenium psoromoides Tree Catapyrenium
Catillaria laureri Laurer's Catillaria
Catolechia wahlenbergii Goblin Lights
Cladonia convoluta Convoluted Cladonia
Cladonia stricta Upright Mountain-cladonia
Collema dichotomum River Jelly-lichen
Enterographa elaborata New Forest Beech-lichen
Gyalecta ulmi Elm Gyalecta
Heterodermia leucomelos Ciliate Strap-lichen
Heterodermia propagulifera Coralloid Rosette-lichen
Lecanactis hemisphaerica Churchyard Lecanactis
Lecanora achariana Tarn Lecanora
Lecidea inops Copper Lecidea
Nephroma arcticum Arctic Kidney-lichen
Pannaria ignobilis Caledonian Pannaria
Parmelia minarum New Forest Parmelia
Parmentaria chilensis Oil-stain Parmentaria
Peltigera lepidophora Ear-lobed Dog-lichen
Pertusaria bryontha Alpine Moss-pertusaria
Physcia tribacioides Southern Grey Physcia
Pseudocyphellaria lacerata Ragged Pseudocyphellaria
Psora rubiformis Rusty Alpine Psora
Solenopsora liparina Serpentine Solenopsora
Squamarina lentigera Scaly Breck-lichen
Teloschistes flavicans Golden Hair-lichen
Liverworts
Adelanthus lindenbergianus Lindenberg's Leafy Liverwort
Geocalyx graveolens Turpswort
Gymnomitrion apiculatum Pointed Frostwort
Jamesoniella undulifolia Marsh Earwort
Lophozia (Leiocolea) rutheana Norfolk Flapwort
Marsupella profunda Western Rustwort
Petalophyllum ralfsii Petalwort
Riccia bifurca Lizard Crystalwort
Southbya nigrella Blackwort
Mosses
Acaulon triquetrum Triangular Pygmy-moss
Anomodon longifolius Long-leaved Anomodon
Bartramia stricta Rigid Apple-moss
Bryum mamillatum Dune Thread-moss
Bryum neodamense Long-leaved Thread-moss
Bryum schleicheri Schleicher's Thread-moss
Buxbaumia viridis Green Shield-moss
Cryphaea lamyana Multi-fruited River-moss
Cyclodictyon laetevirens Bright-green Cave-moss
Desmatodon cernuus Flamingo Moss
Didymodon cordatus Cordate Beard-moss
Didymodon glaucus Glaucous Beard-moss
Ditrichum cornubicum Cornish Path-moss
Grimmia unicolor Blunt-leaved Grimmia
Hamatocaulis (Drepanocladus) vernicosus Slender Green Feather-moss
Hygrohypnum polare Polar Feather-moss
Hypnum vaucheri Vaucher's Feather-moss
Micromitrium tenerum Millimetre Moss
Mielichhoferia mielichhoferi Alpine Copper-moss
Orthotrichum obtusifolium Blunt-leaved Bristle-moss
Plagiothecium piliferum Hair Silk-moss
Rhynchostegium rotundifolium Round-leaved Feather-moss
Saelania glaucescens Blue Dew-moss
Scorpidium turgescens Large Yellow Feather-moss
Sphagnum balticum Baltic Bog-moss
Thamnobryum angustifolium Derbyshire Feather-moss
Zygodon forsteri Knothole Moss
Zygodon gracilis Nowell's Limestone-moss
Vascular plants
Ajuga chamaepitys Ground-pine
Alisma gramineum Ribbon-leaved Water-plantain
Allium sphaerocephalon Round-headed Leek
Althaea hirsuta Rough Marsh-mallow
Alyssum alyssoides Small Alison
Apium repens Creeping Marshwort
Arabis alpina Alpine Rock-cress
Arabis scabra Bristol Rock-cress
Arenaria norvegica Norwegian Sandwort
Artemisia campestris Field Wormwood
Atriplex pedunculata Stalked Orache
Bupleurum baldense Small Hare's-ear
Bupleurum falcatum Sickle-leaved Hare's-ear
Carex depauperata Starved Wood-sedge
Centaurium tenuiflorum Slender Centaury
Cephalanthera rubra Red Helleborine
Chenopodium vulvaria Stinking Goosefoot
Cicerbita alpina Alpine Sow-thistle
Clinopodium menthifolium Wood Calamint
Coincya wrightii Lundy Cabbage
Corrigiola litoralis Strapwort
Cotoneaster cambricus Wild Cotoneaster
Crassula aquatica Pigmyweed
Crepis foetida Stinking Hawk's-beard
Cynoglossum germanicum Green Hound's-tongue
Cyperus fuscus Brown Galingale
Cypripedium calceolus Lady's-slipper
Cystopteris dickieana Dickie's Bladder-fern
Dactylorhiza lapponica Lapland Marsh-orchid
Damasonium alisma Starfruit
Dianthus armeria1 Deptford Pink
Dianthus gratianopolitanus Cheddar Pink
Diapensia lapponica Diapensia
Eleocharis parvula Dwarf Spike-rush
Epipactis youngiana Young's Helleborine
Epipogium aphyllum Ghost Orchid
Equisetum ramosissimum Branched Horsetail
Erigeron borealis Alpine Fleabane
Eriophorum gracile Slender Cottongrass
Eryngium campestre Field Eryngo
Filago lutescens Red-tipped Cudweed
Filago pyramidata Broad-leaved Cudweed
Fumaria reuteri Martin's Ramping-fumitory
Gagea bohemica Early Star-of-Bethlehem
Gentiana nivalis Alpine Gentian
Gentiana verna Spring Gentian
Gentianella anglica Early Gentian
Gentianella ciliata Fringed Gentian
Gentianella uliginosa Dune Gentian
Gladiolus illyricus Wild Gladiolus
Gnaphalium luteoalbum Jersey Cudweed
Hieracium attenuatifolium Weak-leaved Hawkweed
Hieracium northroense Northroe Hawkweed
Hieracium zetlandicum Shetland Hawkweed
Himantoglossum hircinum Lizard Orchid
Homogyne alpina Purple Colt's-foot
Hyacinthoides non-scripta2 Bluebell
Lactuca saligna Least Lettuce
Leersia oryzoides Cut-grass
Limosella australis Welsh Mudwort
Liparis loeselii Fen Orchid
Lloydia serotina Snowdon Lily
Luronium natans Floating Water-plantain
Lychnis alpina Alpine Catchfly
Lythrum hyssopifolium Grass-poly
Melampyrum arvense Field Cow-wheat
Mentha pulegium Pennyroyal
Minuartia stricta Teesdale Sandwort
Najas flexilis Slender Naiad
Najas marina Holly-leaved Naiad
Ononis reclinata Small Restharrow
Ophioglossum lusitanicum Least Adder's-tongue
Ophrys fuciflora Late Spider-orchid
Ophrys sphegodes Early Spider-orchid
Orchis militaris Military Orchid
Orchis simia Monkey Orchid
Orobanche artemisiae-campestris Oxtongue Broomrape
Orobanche caryophyllacea Bedstraw Broomrape
Orobanche reticulata Thistle Broomrape
Petroraghia nanteuilii Childing Pink
Phyllodoce caerulea Blue Heath
Phyteuma spicatum Spiked Rampion
Polygonatum verticillatum Whorled Solomon's-seal
Polygonum maritimum Sea Knotgrass
Potentilla rupestris Rock Cinquefoil
Pulicaria vulgaris Small Fleabane
Pyrus cordata Plymouth Pear
Ranunculus ophioglossifolius Adder's-tongue Spearwort
Rhinanthus angustifolius Greater Yellow-rattle
Romulea columnae Sand Crocus
Rumex rupestris Shore Dock
Salvia pratensis Meadow Clary
Saxifraga cernua Drooping Saxifrage
Saxifraga cespitosa Tufted Saxifrage
Saxifraga hirculus Yellow Marsh-saxifrage
Schoenoplectus triqueter Triangular Club-rush
Scleranthus perennis Perennial Knawel
Scorzonera humilis Viper's-grass
Selinum carvifolia Cambridge Milk-parsley
Senecio paludosus Fen Ragwort
Stachys alpina Limestone Woundwort
Stachys germanica Downy Woundwort
Tephroseris integrifolia ssp. maritima South Stack Fleawort
Teucrium botrys Cut-leaved Germander
Teucrium scordium Water Germander
Thlaspi perfoliatum Perfoliate Penny-cress
Trichomanes speciosum Killarney Fern
Veronica spicata Spiked Speedwell
Veronica triphyllos Fingered Speedwell
Viola persicifolia Fen Violet
Woodsia alpina Alpine Woodsia
Woodsia ilvensis Oblong Woodsia
1Protected in England & Wales only 2Protected only against sale
Plants on Schedule 8 of the Wildlife (Northern Ireland) Order, 1985
Plants specially protected in Northern Ireland (Schedule under review in 1999).
Vascular plants
Adoxa moschatellina Moschatel
Ajuga pyramidalis Pyramidal Bugle
Andromeda polifolia Bog-rosemary
Calamagrostis stricta Narrow Small-reed
Carex magellanica Tall Bog-sedge
Carex pauciflora Few-flowered Sedge
Centaurium littorale Seaside Centaury
Cirsium heterophyllum Melancholy Thistle
Dactylorhiza traunsteineri Narrow-leaved Marsh-orchid
Dryas octopetala Mountain Avens
Elatine hydropiper Eight-stamened Waterwort
Eleocharis parvula Dwarf Spike-rush
Epipactis palustris Marsh Helleborine
Epipactis phyllanthes Green-flowered Helleborine
Erica vagans Cornish Heath
Erigeron acer Blue Fleabane
Frangula alnus Alder Buckthorn
Geranium sylvaticum Wood Crane's-bill
Gymnocarpium dryopteris Oak Fern
Hammarbya paludosa Bog Orchid
Hierochloe odorata Holy-grass
Hordelymus europaeus Wood Barley
Hottonia palustris Water-violet
Hypochaeris glabra Smooth Cat's-ear
Lathyrus palustris Marsh Pea
Limonium binervosum s.l. Rock Sea-lavender
Limosella aquatica Mudwort
Lycopodiella inundata Marsh Clubmoss
Melampyrum sylvaticum Small Cow-wheat
Mentha pulegium Pennyroyal
Mertensia maritima Oysterplant
Monotropa hypopitys Yellow Bird's-nest
Neottia nidus-avis Bird's-nest Orchid
Ophrys apifera Bee Orchid
Orchis morio Green-winged Orchid
Orobanche hederae Ivy Broomrape
Orthilia secunda Serrated Wintergreen
Pilularia globulifera Pillwort
Polystichum lonchitis Holly Fern
Primula veris Cowslip
Primula vulgaris1 Primrose
Pseudorchis albida Small-white Orchid
Ranunculus fluitans River Water-crowfoot
Rubus chamaemorus Cloudberry
Saussurea alpina Alpine Saw-wort
Saxifraga aizoides Yellow Saxifrage
Saxifraga hirculus Yellow Marsh-saxifrage
Saxifraga oppositifolia Purple Saxifrage
Silene acaulis Moss Campion
Sisyrinchium bermudiana Blue-eyed Grass
Spiranthes romanzoffiana Irish Lady's-tresses
Stachys officinalis Betony
Teesdalia nudicaulis Shepherd's Cress
Trichomanes speciosum Killarney Fern
Trollius europaeus Globe-flower
Viola persicifolia Fen Violet
1 Protected only against sale
Plants which may not be planted or otherwise caused to grow in the wild in Great Britain (schedule under review in 1999).
Algae
Asparagopsis armata Hooked Asparagus Seaweed
Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides Green Seafingers
Laminaria japonica Japanese Kelp
Macrocystis angustifolia Macrocystis integrifolia Macrocystis laevis Macrocystis pyrifera Giant kelps
Pikea californica Red Californian Seaweed
Porphyra spp. except P. amethystea, P. leucosticta, P. linearis, P. miniata, P. purpurea P. umbilicalis All Laver Seaweeds except native species
Sargassum muticum Japanese Seaweed
Undaria pinnatifida Wakame
Vascular plants
Fallopia japonica Japanese Knotweed
Heracleum mantegazzianum Giant Hogweed
Plants which may not be planted or otherwise caused to grow in the wild in Northern Ireland.
Algae
Macrocystis pyrifera Giant Kelp
Sargassum muticum Japanese Seaweed
Vascular plants
Acaena (all species) Pirri-pirri Bur
Fallopia japonica Japanese knotweed
Fallopia sachalinensis Giant Knotweed
Heracleum mantegazzianum Giant Hogweed
Spartina (all species) Cord-grass
Republic of Ireland
No attempt has been made here to explain how Irish law differs from Great Britain and Northern Ireland in respect to wildlife protection. The following is a list of Protected Vascular Plant Species in the Republic as listed under the Flora Protection Order, 1987. The relevant legislation in Ireland is the Wildlife Act, 1976 and Statutory Instruments are issued under this Act. The relevant Government Department is called The Department of Arts, Culture & Gaeltacht and copies of the relevant legislation are obtainable from the Government Publications Office, Molesworth Street, Dublin 2.
Allium schoenoprasum Chives
Arabis petraea Northern Rock-cress
Arenaria ciliata ssp. hibernica Irish Sandwort
Asparagus officinalis Wild Asparagus
Asplenium obovatum Lanceolate Spleenwort
Asplenium septentrionale Forked Spleenwort
Astragulus danicus Purple Milk-vetch
Calamagrostis epigejos Wood Small-reed
Campanula trachelium Nettle-leaved Bellflower
Cardamine impatiens Narrow-leaved Bitter-cress
Carex depauperata Starved Wood-sedge
Centaurium pulchellum Lesser Centaury
Clinopodium acinos Basil Thyme
Colchicum autumnale Meadow Saffron
Cryptogramma crispa Parsley Fern
Deschampsia setacea Bog Hair-grass
Epilobium alsinifolium Chickweed Willowherb
Erica ciliaris Dorset Heath
Eriophorum gracile Slender Cottongrass
Filago minima Small Cudweed
Galeopsis angustifolia Red Hemp-nettle
Gnaphalium sylvaticum Heath Cudweed
Groenlandia densa Opposite-leaved Pondweed
Gymnocarpium robertianum Limestone Fern
Hammarbya paludosa Bog Orchid
Helianthemum nummularium Common Rock-rose
Hordeum secalinum Meadow Barley
Hydrilla verticillata Esthwaite Waterweed
Hypericum canadense Irish St John’s-wort
Hypericum hirsutum Hairy St John’s-wort
Inula salicina Irish Fleabane
Kickxia elatine Sharp-leaved Fluellen
Lathyrus japonicus Sea Pea
Lotus subbiflorus Hairy Bird's-foot-trefoil
Mentha pulegium Pennyroyal
Mertensia maritima Oysterplant
Minuartia recurva Recurved Sandwort
Misopates orontium Weasel’s-snout
Najas flexilis Slender Naiad
Oenanthe pimpinelloides Corky-fruited Water-dropwort
Orchis morio Green-winged Orchid
Ornithopus perpusillus Bird's-foot
Otanthus maritimus Cottonweed
Papaver hybridum Rough Poppy
Persicaria vivipara Alpine Knotweed
Pilularia globulifera Pillwort
Polygonum maritimum Sea Knotgrass
Pseudorchis albida Small-white Orchid
Puccinellia fasciculata Borrer’s Saltmarsh-grass
Pyrola rotundifolia Round-leaved Wintergreen
Ranunculus tripartitus Three-lobed Crowfoot
Sanguisorba officinalis Great Burnet
Sarcocornia perennis Perennial Glasswort
Saxifraga granulata Meadow Saxifrage
Saxifraga hirculus Marsh Saxifrage
Saxifraga nivalis Alpine Saxifrage
Saxifraga rosacea ssp. hartii Irish Saxifrage
Schoenoplectus triqueter Triangular Club-rush
Simethis planifolia Kerry Lily
Spiranthes romanzoffiana Irish Lady’s-tresses
Stachys officinalis Betony
Trichomanes speciosum Killarney Fern
Trifolium glomeratum Clustered Clover
Trifolium subterraneum Subterranean Clover
Trollius europaeus Globeflower
Vicia orobus Wood Bitter-vetch
Viola hirta Hairy Violet
Viola lactea Pale Dog-violet
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Important notice This leaflet is intended for guidance and information and whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the information it contains is as accurate as possible, it should not be taken as a definitive statement of the law, nor can responsibility be accepted for any errors or omissions. |
Text by Margaret Palmer and Katherine Hearn
This WWW page produced from the original by the British Pteridological Society. It is essentially identical to the leaflet with minor formatting changes and address updates.
Illustration of Fritillaria meleagris from Flowers of the Field by Rev. C.A. Johns
Copies of the original leaflet can be obtained from the Botanical Society of the British Isles, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD
Published with the generous support of the Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
Original content © Botanical Society of the British Isles 1999; this WWW presentation © British Pteridological Society 2000.
