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Palaeontology staff directory

Norman MacLeod

Norman Macleod

Position: Keeper Of Palaeontology

Department: Palaeontology

Section: Palaeo. Admin

Contact details: - email

Research interests

  • Patterns of phenotypic evolution
  • biostratigraphy
  • phylogenetic systematics
  • historical palaeoecology
  • palaeoceanography
  • palaeoclimatology
  • morphometrics
  • image analysis and the application of quantitative procedures to the analysis of biological-palaeontological-geological data.

Current activities

PaleoBase Databases (w/ Blackwell Science)

 

Morphometrics, Shape and Phylogeny (specific projects listed below)

  • Ear-shape variation in hybrid elephants (with A. Lister, UCL)
  • Pelagic cephalopod beak-shape variation as a taxonomic proxy (with S. Roberts, NHM and P. D. Polly, QMW)
  • Termite mandible shape variation (with P. Ready and A. Primanda, NHM)
  • Mole skull-shape variation (with M. Sanchez-Villagra and E. Barrow, NHM)
  • Cave bear cranium morphometrics (with A. Currant and F. Gould, NHM)
  • Penguin morphometrics (with S. Walsh and R. Benson, NHM)

PalaeoMath 101 (quarterly column for the Palaeontological Association Newsletter & web site)

Identifying Controls on Phanerozoic Extinctions

  • Non-avian Dinosaur Extinction Pattern (with D. Archibald, San Diego State Univ.)
  • Multivariate graphic correlation of Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary sections/cores (with G. Keller, Princeton)

Algorithmic Approaches to the Identification Problem in Systemstics Symposium (with S. Walsh and M. O'Neill)

Theory and Applications for Quantitative Models of Fossil Form Symposium (North American Palaeontology Convention, June 2005)

Forams 2006 (Natal, RN, Brazil)

  • Evolutionary Morphometrics Symposium and Workshop

PaleoNet.

Palaeontologia Electronica.

External Collaborators:

Prof. K. D. Rose (Johns Hopkins School of Medicine), Prof. T. Patterson (Carelton University), Jennifer Rumford (Ocean Drilling Project, Texas A&M University), Prof. W. R. Riedel (Scripps Oceanographic Institute), Dr. M. Purnell (Leicester University), Dr. D. Polly (Queen Mary University), W. Hagadorn (University of Southern California), Dr. P. Forey (Natural History Museum, London), Prof. Vincent Courtillot (Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, et Institut Universitaire de France).


 

Additional information

Rotunda Museum, Scarborough (Trustee)

Publications

RECENT PUBLICATIONS

  1. MacLeod, N., 2003, The causes of Phanerozoic extinctions, in Rothschild, L., and Lister, A., eds., Evolution on Planet Earth: London, Academic Press, p. 253-277. (download pdf file )
  2. MacLeod, N., 2004, Identifying Phanerozoic extinction controls: statistical considerations and preliminary results, in Beaudoin, A. B., and Head, M. J., eds., The palynology and micropaleontology of boundaries: London, Geo-logical Society of London, Special Publications, p. 11-33. (download pdf file )
  3. 50. MacLeod, N., 2004, Punctuated equilibria (evolutionary theory), in Geller, E., ed., McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science & Technology: New York, McGraw-Hill, p. 277-280.
  4. MacLeod, N., 2005, Stratigraphic principles, in Selley, R. C., Cocks, L. R. M., and Plimer, I. R., eds., Encyclopedia of geology: London, Academic Press, p. 295-307. (download pdf file )
  5. MacLeod, N., 2005, Biozones, in Selley, R. C., Cocks, L. R. M., and Plimer, I. R., eds., Encyclopedia of geology: London, Academic Press, p. 294-306. (download pdf file )
  6. MacLeod, N., 2005, Cretaceous, in Selley, R. C., Cocks, L. R. M., and Plimer, I. R., eds., Encyclopedia of Geology: London, Academic Press, p. 360-372. (download pdf file )
  7. MacLeod, N., 2005, End-Cretaceous extinctions, in Selley, R. C., Cocks, L. R. M., and Plimer, I. R., eds., Encyclopedia of Geology: London, Academic Press, p. 372-386. (download pdf file )
  8. MacLeod, N., in press, Shape models as a basis for morphological analysis in paleobiological systematics: dicotyledenous leaf physiography: American Paleontologist. (download pdf file )
  9. MacLeod, N., O'Neill, M. A., and Walsh, S. A., in press, A comparison be-tween morphometric and artificial neural net approaches to the automated species-recognition problem in systematics, in Curry, G., and Humphries, C., eds., Biodiversity Databases: from Cottage Industry to Industrial Network: London, CRC Press. (download pdf file )
  10. MacLeod, N., in press, Mass extinction causality: statistical assessment of multiple-cause scenarios: Russian Journal of Geology and Geophysics.

PEER-REVIEWED TECHNICAL ARTICLES

  1. Beeson, D., Gartner, S., Keller, G., MacLeod, N., Medus, J., Rocchia, R. and Robin, E., 1994, The K/T Boundary along the Brazos River, Falls County, Texas: Multidisciplinary stratigraphy and depositional environment, New Developments Regarding the K/T Event and Other Catastrophes in Earth History: Houston, Texas, Lunar and Planetary Institute, p. 9–10.
  2. García-Rodriguez, F. J., de la Cruz Aguero, J., Pérez-Enriquez, R., and MacLeod, N., 2004, Morphometric analysis of population differentiation and sexual dimorphism in the blue spiny lobster Panulirus inflatus (Bouvier 1895) from NW Mexico, in Elewa, A. M. T., ed., Morphometrics: Applications in Biology and Paleontology: London, Springer, p. 29–44.
  3. Hudson, J. D. and MacLeod, N., 1998, Discussion on the Cretaceous–Tertiary biotic transition: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 155, p. 413–419.
  4. Keller, G., Li, L. and MacLeod, N., 1994, The K/T boundary stratotype section at El Kef Tunisia: How catastrophic was the mass extinction, New Developments Regarding the K/T Event and Other Catastrophes in Earth History: Houston, Texas, Lunar and Planetary Institute, p. 59–60.
  5. Keller, G., Li, L. and MacLeod, N., 1995, The Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary stratotype section at El Kef, Tunisia: How Catastrophic was the mass extinction?: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 119, p. 255–273.
  6. Keller, G. and MacLeod, N., 1995, The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary transition in the Antarctic Ocean: Reply: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 24, p. 101–118.
  7. Keller, G., MacLeod, N. and Barerra, E., 1992, Eocene-Oligocene faunal turnover in planktic foraminifera and Antarctic glaciation, in Prothero, D., and Berggren, W. A., eds., Eocene-Oligocene Climatic and Biotic Evolution: Princeton, Princeton University Press, p. 218–244.
  8. Keller, G., MacLeod, N., Ivany, L. and Salawitch, R., 1993, Carbon isotopic evidence for biomass burning at the K-T boundary: Comment and Reply: Geology, v. 21, p. 1149–1151.
  9. Keller, G., MacLeod, N., Lyons, J. B. and Officer, C. B., 1993, Is there evidence for Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary-age deep-water deposits in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico?: Geology, v. 21, p. 776–780.
  10. Keller, G., Stinnesbeck, W., Adatte, T., Lopez-Oliva, G. and MacLeod, N., 1994, The K/T boundary clastic deposits in northeastern Mexico as product of non-catastrophic geologic processes, in Keller, G., Stinnesbeck, W., Adatte, T., MacLeod, N., and Lowe, D., eds., Field Guide to Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Sections in Northeastern Mexico: Houston, Texas, Lunar and Planetary Institute, p. 65–94.
  11. Keller, G., Stinnesbeck, W., Adatte, T., MacLeod, N. and Lowe, D., 1994, Field Guide to Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Sections in Northeastern Mexico: Houston, Texas, Lunar and Planetary Institute, p. 110.
  12. Keller, N. and MacLeod, N., 1992, Faunal turnover and depth stratification: their relationship to climate and productivity events in the Eocene to Miocene pelagic realm, in Ishizaki, K., and Saito, T., eds., Centenary of Japanese Micropaleontology: Contributed Papers in Honor of Professor Yokichi Takayanagi: Tokyo, Terra Scientific Publishing Company, p. 1–14.
  13. Kitchell, J. A., Estabrook, G. and MacLeod, N., 1987, Rates of evolution: testing for equality of generative processes using the bootstrap: Paleobiology, v. 13, p. 272–285.
  14. Kitchell, J. A. and MacLeod, N., 1988, Testing macroevolutionary interpretations of symmetry and synchroneity in the fossil record: Science, v. 240, p. 1190–1193.
  15. MacLeod, N., 1982, The first North American occurrence of the Late Cretaceous elasmobranch Ptychodus rugosus Dixon with comments on the functional morphology of the dentition and dermal denticles: Journal of Paleontology, v. 56, p. 403–409.
  16. MacLeod, N., 1982, Upper Pennsylvanian peritidal benthic marine communities from the Wolf Mtn. Shale (Canyon Group) north-central Texas, in Cromwell, D., ed., Middle and Upper Pennsylvanian System of North-Central and West Texas: Symposium and Field Conference Guidebook: Midland, Texas, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, p. 167–178.
  17. MacLeod, N., 1988, Lower and Middle Jurassic Perispyridium (Radiolaria) from the Snowshoe Formation, east-central Oregon: Micropaleontology, v. 34, p. 289–315.
  18. MacLeod, N., 1990, Digital images and automated image analysis systems, in Rohlf, F. J., and Bookstein, F. L., eds., Proceedings of the Michigan Morphometrics Workshop: Ann Arbor, MI, The University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Special Publication 2, p. 21-35.
  19. MacLeod, N., 1990, Effects of Last Eocene impacts on planktic foraminifera, in Sharpton, V. L., and Ward, P. D., eds., Global catastrophes in Earth history: an interdisciplinary conference on impacts, volcanism, and mass mortality: Boulder, Geological Society of America Special Paper, p. 595–606.
  20. MacLeod, N., 1991, Punctuated anagenesis and the importance of stratigraphy to paleobiology: Paleobiology, v. 17, p. 167-188.
  21. MacLeod, N., 1993, The Maastrichtian-Danian radiation of triserial and biserial planktic foraminifera: Testing phylogenetic and adaptational hypotheses in the (micro)fossil record: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 21, no. 1, p. 47-100.
  22. MacLeod, N., 1994, An evaluation of criteria that may be used to identify species surviving a mass extinction, New Developments Regarding the K/T Event and Other Catastrophes in Earth History: Houston, Texas, Lunar and Planetary Institute, p. 75-77.
  23. MacLeod, N., 1995, Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) biogeography of planktic foraminifera: Historical Biology, v. 10, p. 49-101.
  24. MacLeod, N., 1995, Graphic correlation of high latitude Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary sequences at Nye Kløv (Denmark), ODP Site 690 (Weddell Sea), and ODP Site 738 (Kerguelen Plateau): Comparison with the El Kef (Tunisia) boundary stratotype: Modern Geology, v. 19, p. 109–147.
  25. MacLeod, N., 1995, Graphic correlation of new Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary sections, in Mann, K. O., and Lane, H. R., eds., Graphic Correlation and the Composite Standard: Tulsa, Society for Sedimentary Geology Special Publication 53, p. 215–233.
  26. MacLeod, N., 1995, Stratotypes and Stratotypology: International Subcommission on Paleogene Stratigraphy Newsletter, v. 4, p. 18–20.
  27. MacLeod, N., 1996, K-T Redux: Paleobiology, v. 22, p. 311–317.
  28. MacLeod, N., 1996, Nature of the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) planktonic foraminiferal record: stratigraphic confidence intervals, Signor-Lipps effect, and patterns of survivorship, in MacLeod, N., and Keller, G., eds., The Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction: biotic and environmental changes: New York, W. W. Norton & Co., p. 85–138.
  29. MacLeod, N., 1996, Stratigraphic completeness and planktic foraminiferal survivorship across the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) boundary, in Moguilevsky, A., and Whatley, R., eds., Microfossils and Oceanic Environments: Aberystwyth, Wales, University of Wales, p. 327–353.
  30. MacLeod, N., 1996, Testing patterns of Cretaceous-Tertiary planktonic foraminiferal extinctions at El Kef (Tunisia), in Ryder, G., Fastovsky, D., and Gartner, S., eds., The Cretaceous-Tertiary Event and Other Catastrophes in Earth History: Boulder, Geological Society of America, Special Paper 307, p. 287–302.
  31. MacLeod, N., 1998, On the Reproducibility of Paleontological Data: A Perspective on the El Kef Foraminiferal Blind Test Results, in El Kef Workshop, Tunis, Tunisia.
  32. MacLeod, N., 1998, The Renaissance of Graphic Correlation, Proceedings, Geoscience 98: London, The Geological Society.
  33. MacLeod, N., 1998, Systematics and Biostratigraphy of Cretaceous and Tertiary Planktonic Foraminifera from the Smaller Size Fraction (>63µm) at El Kef, Tunisia, in El Kef Workshop, Tunis, Tunisia.
  34. MacLeod, N., 1998, Impacts and marine invertebrate extinctions, in Grady, M. M., Hutchinson, R., McCall, G. J. H., and Rotherby, D. A., eds., Meteorites: flux with time and impact effects: London, Geological Society of London, p. 217–246.
  35. MacLeod, N., 1999, Generalizing and extending the eigenshape method of shape visualization and analysis: Paleobiology, v. 25, no. 1, p. 107–138.
  36. MacLeod, N., 1999, Oligocene and Miocene palaeoceanography—a review, in Whybrow, P. J., and Hill, A., eds., Fossil vertebrates of Arabia: New Haven, Yale University Press, p. 501–507.
  37. MacLeod, N. 2000. Information technology and the Earth sciences. Pp. 540–543 in P. L. Hancock and B. J. Skinner, eds. The Oxford Companion to the Earth. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  38. MacLeod, N. 2000. PaleoBase: Macrofossils (Part 1). Blackwell Science and The Natural History Museum, Oxford.
  39. MacLeod, N. 2001. Extinction. Pp. in eds. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. Macmillan, London.
  40. MacLeod, N. 2001. K-T mass extinction. in eds. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. Macmillan, London.
  41. MacLeod, N., 2001, Landmarks, localizability and the use of morphometrics in phylogenetic analysis. in Adrain, J., Edgecombe, G., and Lieberman, B., eds., Fossils, Phylogeny and Form: New York, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, New York, p. 197–233.
  42. MacLeod, N. 2001. The role of phylogeny in quantitative paleobiological analysis. Paleobiology 27, p. 226–241.
  43. MacLeod, N. 2002. Morphometrics. in M. D. Pagel ed. Encyclopedia of Evolution, Academic Press, London, p. 768–771.
  44. MacLeod, N. 2002. Testing evolutionary hypotheses with adaptive landscapes: use of random morphological simulation studies. Mathematische Geologie 6, p. 45–55.
  45. MacLeod, N. 2002. Phylogenetic signals in morphometric data. in N. MacLeod and P. Forey, eds. Morphometrics, shape, and phylogenetics. Taylor and Francis, London, p. 100–138.
  46. MacLeod, N. 2002. Geometric morphometrics and geological form-classification systems. Earth-Science Reviews 59, p.27–47.
  47. MacLeod, N., 2002, PaleoNet: paleontology, publication, and community in the digital age: Computers and Geosciences 28, p.1161–1166.
  48. MacLeod, N. 2003. PaleoBase: Macrofossils (Part 2). Blackwell Science and The Natural History Museum, Oxford.
  49. MacLeod, N., 2003, The causes of Phanerozoic extinctions, in Rothschild, L., and Lister, A., eds., Evolution on Planet Earth: London, Academic Press, p. 253–277.
  50. MacLeod, N., 2004, Punctuated equilibria (evolutionary theory), in Geller, E., ed., McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science & Technology: New York, McGraw-Hill, p. 277–280.
  51. MacLeod, N., 2004, Prospectus & Regressions 1: Palaeontological Association Newsletter, v. 55, p. 28–36.
  52. MacLeod, N., 2004, Regression 2: The Palaeontological Association Newsletter, v. 56, p. 60–71.
  53. MacLeod, N., 2004, Identifying Phanerozoic extinction controls: statistical considerations and preliminary results, in Beaudoin, A. B., and Head, M. J., eds., The palynology and micropaleontology of boundaries: London, Geological Society of London, Special Publications, p. 11–33.
  54. MacLeod, N., 2004, Extinction (revised), Encyclopedia of Life Sciences: London, Macmillan.
  55. MacLeod, N., 2004, K-T mass extinction (revised), Encyclopedia of Life Sciences: London, Macmillan.
  56. MacLeod, N., 2004, Regression 2: The Palaeontological Association Newsletter, v. 56, p. 60–71.
  57. MacLeod, N., 2005, Stratigraphic principles, in Selley, R. C., Cocks, L. R. M., and Plimer, I. R., eds., Encyclopedia of geology: London, Academic Press, p. 295–307.
  58. MacLeod, N., 2005, Biozones, in Selley, R. C., Cocks, L. R. M., and Plimer, I. R., eds., Encyclopedia of geology: London, Academic Press, p. 294–306.
  59. MacLeod, N., 2005, Cretaceous, in Selley, R. C., Cocks, L. R. M., and Plimer, I. R., eds., Encyclopedia of Geology: London, Academic Press, p. 360–372.
  60. MacLeod, N., 2005, End-Cretaceous extinctions, in Selley, R. C., Cocks, L. R. M., and Plimer, I. R., eds., Encyclopedia of Geology: London, Academic Press, p. 372–386.
  61. MacLeod, N., 2005, Regression 3: The Palaeontological Association Newsletter, v. 57.
  62. MacLeod, N., 2005, Regression 4: Going Multivariate: The Palaeontological Association Newsletter, v. 58, p. 44–53.
  63. MacLeod, N., in press, Mass extinction causality: statistical assessment of multiple-cause scenarios: Russian Journal of Geology and Geophysics.
  64. MacLeod, N. 2005. Regression 4: Going Multivariate. The Palaeontological Association Newsletter, v. 58, p. 44–53.
  65. MacLeod, N., in press, PaleoBase: Deep-sea benthic foraminifera: Oxford, Blackwell Science and The Natural History Museum.
  66. MacLeod, N., in press, PaleoBase: Macrofossils (Part 3): Oxford, Blackwell Science and The Natural History Museum.
  67. MacLeod, N., in press, PaleoBase: Microfossils: Oxford, Blackwell Science and The Natural History Museum.
  68. MacLeod, N., in press, Shape models as a basis for morphological analysis in paleobiological systematics: dicotyledenous leaf physiography: American Paleontologist.
  69. MacLeod, N., O'Neill, M. A., and Walsh, S. A., in press, A comparison between morphometric and artificial neural net approaches to the automated species-recognition problem in systematics, in Curry, G., and Humphries, C., eds., Biodiversity Databases: from Cottage Industry to Industrial Network: London, CRC Press.
  70. MacLeod, N. and Carr, T. R., 1987, Morphometrics and the analysis of shape in conodonts, in Austin, R. L., ed., Conodonts: Investigative Techniques and Applications: Chichester, Ellis Horwood Limited, p. 168–187.
  71. MacLeod, N. and Carter, J. L., 1984, A method for obtaining consistent specimen orientations for use in microfossil biometric studies: Micropaleontology, v. 30, p. 306-310.
  72. MacLeod, N., Diver, P., Guralnick, R., Lazarus, D. and Malmgren, B., 1997, Computers, quantification, and databases in the 21st Century: Kleine Senckenbergreihe, v. 25, p. 145–153.
  73. MacLeod, N., Diver, P., Guralnick, R., Lazarus, D., and Malmgren, B., 2000, Computers, Quantification & Databases, in Lane, R. H., Steininger, F. F., Kaesler, R. L., Zeigler, W., and Lipps, J., eds., Fossils and the future: paleontology in the 21st Century: Frankfurt, Germany, Senckenburg Museum, p. 191–201.
  74. MacLeod, N. and Guralnick, R., 2000, Paleoinformatics, in Lane, R. H., Steininger, F. F., Kaesler, R. L., Zeigler, W., and Lipps, J., eds., Fossils and the future: paleontology in the 21st Century: Frankfurt, Germany, Senckenberg Museum, p. 31–36.
  75. MacLeod, N. and Keller, G., 1991, Hiatus distributions and mass extinctions at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary: Geology, v. 19, p. 497-501.
  76. MacLeod, N. and Keller, G., 1991, How complete are Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary sections? A chronostratigraphic estimate based on graphic correlation: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, p. 1439-1457.
  77. MacLeod, N. and Keller, G., 1994, Comparative biogeographic analysis of planktic foraminiferal survivorship across the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary: Paleobiology, v. 20, p. 143-177.
  78. MacLeod, N., Keller, G. and Kitchell, J. A., 1990, Progenesis in Late Eocene populations of Subbotina linaperta (Foraminifera) from the western Atlantic: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 16, p. 219-240.
  79. MacLeod, N. and Kitchell, J., 1990, Morphometrics and evolutionary inference: A case study involving ontogenetic and developmental aspects of evolution, in Rohlf, F. J., and Bookstein, F. L., eds., Proceedings of the Michigan Morphometrics Workshop: Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Special Publication 2, p. 283-299.
  80. MacLeod, N., N. Ortiz, N. Fefferman, W. Clyde, C. Schulter, and J. MacLean. 2000. Phenotypic response of foraminifera to episodes of global environmental change. Pp. 51–78 in S. J. Culver and P. Rawson, eds. Biotic response to global change: the last 145 million years. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  81. MacLeod, N., Rawson, P. F., Forey, P. L., Banner, F. T., BouDagher-Fadel, M. K., Bown, P. R., Burnett, J. A., Chambers, P., Culver, S., Evans, S. E., Jeffrey, C., Kaminski, M. A., Lord, A. R., Milner, A. C., Milner, A. R., Morris, N., Owen, E., Rosen, B. R., Smith, A. B., Taylor, P. D., Urquhart, E. and Young, J. R., 1997, The Cretaceous-Tertiary biotic transition: The Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 154, p. 265–292.
  82. MacLeod, N. and Rose, K. D., 1993, Inferring locomotor behavior in Paleogene mammals via eigenshape analysis: American Journal of Science, v. 293-A, p. 300-355.
  83. MacLeod, N. and Sadler, P., 1995, Estimating the Line of Correlation, in Mann, K., and Lane, H. R., eds., Graphic Correlation and the Composite Standard: Tulsa, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 53, p. 51–64.
  84. MacLeod, N. and Slaughter, B. H., 1980, A new ptychodontid shark from the Upper Cretaceous of northeast Texas: Bulletin of the Texas Academy of Science, v. 32, p. 333–335.
  85. Pessagno, E. A., Blome, C. D., Carter, E. S., MacLeod, N., Whalen, P. A. and Yeh, K.-Y., 1987, Preliminary radiolarian zonation for the Jurassic of North America: Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research Special Publication, v. 23, p. 18.
  86. Pessagno, E. A., Longoria, J. F., MacLeod, N. and Six, W. M., 1987, Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian - Upper Tithonian) Pantanellidae from the Taman Formation, east-central Mexico: Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research Special Publication, v. 23, p. 51.
  87. Rea, D. K., Lohmann, K. C., MacLeod, N., House, M. A., Hovan, S. A. and Martin, G. D., 1991, Oxygen and carbon isotopic records from the oozes of ODP Sites 752,754,756, and 757, eastern Indian Ocean, Scientific Results of the Ocean Drilling Project, Leg 121: College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Project, p. 229–239.
  88. Stinnesbeck, W., Keller, G., Adatte, T., Lopez-Oliva, J. G. and MacLeod, N., 1996, Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary clastic deposits in northwestern Mexico: Impact tsunami or sea-level lowstand, in MacLeod, N., and Keller, G., eds., The Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinction: Biotic and Environmental Events: New York, W. W. Norton & Co., p. 471–518.
  89. Stinnesbeck, W., Keller, G., Adatte, T., MacLeod, N., Smit, J., Roep, T. B., Alvarez, W., Claeys, P. and Montanari, A., 1994, Deposition of channel deposits near Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in northeastern Mexico: Catastrophic or "normal" sedimentary deposits?: Comment and Reply: Geology, v. 22, p. 953–956.
  90. Stinnesbeck, W., Keller, G., de la Cruz, J., de Léon, C., MacLeod, N. and Whittaker, J. E., 1997, The Cretaceous-Tertiary transition in Guatemala: Limestone breccia deposits from the South Petén Basin: Geologische Rundschau, v. 86, p. 686–709.
  91. Walsh, S. A., MacLeod, N., and O'Neill, M. A., (submitted), Analysis of spheniscid humerus and tarsometatarsus morphological variability using DAISY automated image recognition: Oryctos.
  92. Walsh, S. A., MacLeod, N., and O'Neill, M. A., (submitted), Analysis of spheniscid humerus and tarsometatarsus morphological variability using DAISY automated image recognition: Oryctos.

TECHNICAL REPORTS

  1. MacLeod, N., 1985, Geological image analysis: an overview with specific ref-erence to the analysis of fossils, grains and pores: ARCO Research Report, v. 85-138, p. 1–93.
  2. MacLeod, N., 1985, The Paleogeographic Atlas Program Package: User's Guide for the creation of computer generated base maps and paleogeographic reconstructions: ARCO Research Report, v. 85-92, p. 1–12.
  3. MacLeod, N., 1986, Pore Analysis Program Package - User's Guide: ARCO Reservoir Technical Memorandum, v. 86-7, p. 1–12.
  4. MacLeod, N., 1986, Survey of image analysis technology - 1986: ARCO Reservoir Technical Memorandum, v. 86–6, p. 1–15.
  5. MacLeod, N., Whittaker, J., Williams, J. and Young, J., 1995, Biostratigraphy of microfossil biotas from the Indus Basin, Pakistan based on core samples obtained by Oolithica Geoscience Ltd: The Natural History Museum.
  6. MacLeod, N., 1998, Graphic correlation of microfossil, palynological, and log data from the Shell 29/1 Area: Shell Exploration.

BOOKS

  1. MacLeod, N. and Keller, G., 1996, The Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinction: Biotic and Environmental Changes: New York, W. W. Norton & Co., 595 p.
  2. MacLeod, N. and P. Forey. 2002. Morphometrics, shape and phylogenetics. Taylor & Francis, London, 308 p.

REVIEWS

  1. MacLeod, N., 1994, Review of Elsevier Microfossil Wall Chart: Earth Science Reviews, v. 37, p. 256–258.
  2. MacLeod, N. and Lane, H. R., 1994, PaleoNet: Palaios, v. 9, no. 5, p. 429-430.
  3. MacLeod, N., 1994, Review of the “Snowbird III” Conference on New Devel-opments Regarding the K/T Event and Other Catastrophes in Earth History, Houston, Texas, Feb. 9-12, 1994, in Jenkins, G., ed., International Subcom-mission on Paleogene Stratigraphy Newsletter No. 3, p. 8–13.
  4. MacLeod, N., 1995, The Eocene-Oligocene Transition: Paradise Lost: His-torical Biology, v. 10, p. 191.
  5. MacLeod, N. and Keller, G., 1996, Introduction, in MacLeod, N., and Keller, G., eds., The Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinction: Biotic and Environmental Changes: New York, W. W. Norton & Co., p. 1–6.
  6. MacLeod, N., 1997, Advances in Morphometrics: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 60, p. 419.
  7. MacLeod, N., 1997, Biotic Recoveries from Mass Extinction Events: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 30, p. 350–353.
  8. MacLeod, N., 1998, Mass Extinctions and Their Aftermath: The Times Higher Education Supplement, v. February 6 1998, p. 27.
  9. MacLeod, N., 1998, Review of "Deep-Sea Foraminifera from Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary Strata in the South Atlantic—Taxonomy and Paleo-ecology" by J. G. V. Widmark: Newsletter of Micropalaeontology, v. 58, p. 39–42.
  10. MacLeod, N., 2002, Fourier Descriptors and Their Applications is Biology: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society.
  11. MacLeod, N., 2002, Randomization, Bootstrap, and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society.
  12. MacLeod, N., 1997, Images, databases, and palaeontology: PESGB News-letter, v. 1997, no. February, p. 14–15.
  13. MacLeod, N., 1998, The challenge of electronic publication in micropaleon-tology: North American Micropaleontology Section Newsletter, v. 19, p. 1,6–7.
  14. MacLeod, N. 2000. Extinction! First Science.com 2000: http://www.firstscience.com/SITE/articles/macleod.asp

  15. MacLeod, N. 2000. Review of 'The first fossil hunters: paleontology in Greek and Roman times' by A Mayor. Palaeontologia Electronica 3: http://palaeo-electronica.org/2000_2/books/hunter.htm

  16. MacLeod, N. 2001. The Character Concept in Evolutionary Biology, Palaeon-tological Association Newsletter 47, p. 76–80.
  17. MacLeod, N. 2002. Extinct. Palaeontological Association Newsletter 49, p. 64–67.
  18. MacLeod, N. 2002. The ecology of adaptive radiation (review). Palaeon-tological Association Newsletter 50, 70–74.
  19. MacLeod, N. 2002. Review of 'The Structure of Evolutionary Theory' by S. J. Gould. Palaeontological Association Newsletter 50, p. 40-46.
  20. MacLeod, N. 2003. Beyond heterochrony and back to the future. Journal of Paleontology 77, p.401–405.
  21. MacLeod, N., 2002, Controversy: catastrophism and evolution, the ongoing debate (review): Proceedings of the Geologist's Association, v. 113, p. 275–278.
  22. MacLeod, N., 2003, The extinction of all life and the sublime aspects of neo-catastrophism: The Palaeontological Association Newsletter, v. 54, p. 49–64.
  23. MacLeod, N., 2005, Geometric morphometrics for biologists: a primer: The Palaeontological Association Newsletter, v. 58, p. 72-78.

MEETING, CONFERENCE, AND SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS

  1. Beeson, D., Gartner, S., Keller, G., MacLeod, N., Médus, J. and Rocchia, R., 1994, A multidisciplinary approach to stratigraphy and depositional environment across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary at the Brazos River, Falls County, Texas: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 25, no. 6, p. A297.
  2. Brown, A., and MacLeod, N., 2002, Variation in trilobite terrace-ridge patterns using extended eigenshape analysis, in Butterfield, N., Clack, J., and Wood, R., eds., The Palaeontological Association Newsletter: Cambridge, The Palaeontological Association, p. 12.
  3. Cohen, H. A., Lundberg, N. and MacLeod, N., 1990, Cretaceous chert clasts in the Gravina Belt, southeast Alaska: Evidence for a contemporaneous oceanic source terrane: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 23, no. 6, p. A434.
  4. D'Hondt, S., Keller, G. and MacLeod, N., 1989, Phylogenetic and stratigraphic analysis of earliest Paleocene planktic foraminifera: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 21, no. 6, p. A278.
  5. Henderson, A. S., MacLeod, N., Swallow, J., and Culver, S. J., 1998, How Reproducible Are Foraminiferal Data?: Spatial, Temporal, Environmental & Taxonomic Domains, in Forams '98, Monterrey, Mexico.
  6. Henderson, A. S., Swallow, J., MacLeod, N. and Culver, S. J., 1998, Temporal Variation in Foraminiferal Assemblages from the Kimmeridge Clay, Dorset, England, in British Micropalaeontological Society Foraminiferal Group Spring Meeting, London, U.K., p. 4.
  7. Holbourn, A. and MacLeod, N., 1998, An illustrated relational database for use in ODP deep-sea benthic foraminiferal studies, in Ocean Drilling Forum, Edinburgh, Scotland.
  8. Keller, G. and MacLeod, N., 1989, Late Eocene - Early Oligocene faunal turnover in planktonic foraminifera: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 21, no. 6, p. A23.
  9. Kitchell, J. A. and MacLeod, N., 1987, When is a rate difference different?: testing hypotheses of equality of rates in time-ordered data: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 19, no. 6, p. A728.
  10. Kitchell, J. A. and MacLeod, N., 1989, The role of extinction and impact events in iterative evolution: Developmental timing shifts and the evolutionary record of planktonic foraminifera: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 21, no. 6, p. A106.
  11. MacLeod, N., 1981, Four Upper Pennsylvanian benthic marine communities from the Wolf Mountain Shale (Canyon Group), north-central Texas: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 13, no. 6, p. A287.
  12. MacLeod, N., 1983, Allometric modelling of homologous radiolarian shape distributions: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 15, no. 6, p. A632.
  13. MacLeod, N., 1983, The use of truss analysis in evolutionary studies of Mesozoic Radiolaria. Program, in First SEPM-NAMS Radiolarian Workshop, Richardson, Texas.
  14. MacLeod, N., 1984, Morphologic evolution in the Mesozoic radiolarian genus Perispyridium: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 16, no. 2, p. A106.
  15. MacLeod, N., 1984, Morphologic integration in the Mesozoic Radiolaria, in Geologic Shape Analysis Conference, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
  16. MacLeod, N., 1985, Analysis of morphologic integration and the recognition of character complexes in Perispyridium, Pachyoncus, and Parvicingula (Radiolaria): a comparative study: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 17, no. 6, p. A650–A651.
  17. MacLeod, N., 1986, Phylogenetic and morphometric analysis of the Jurassic radiolarian genus Perispyridium: a unified approach to radiolarian systematics, in North American Paleontological Convention IV, Boulder, Colorado, p. A30.
  18. MacLeod, N., 1989, Is punctuated anagenesis a stratigraphic artifact?: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 21, no. 6, p. A229.
  19. MacLeod, N., 1991, Extensions of the eigenshape technique to incorporate landmarks and analyze non-closed curves: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 23, no. 6, p. A472.
  20. MacLeod, N., 1992, Graphic correlation of K/T boundary sequences, in International Workshop on Cretaceous-Tertiary Transitions (El Kef Section), Tunis, Tunisia, p. 20.
  21. MacLeod, N., 1992, Graphic correlation of K/T boundary sequences, in International Workshop on Cretaceous-Tertiary Transitions (El Kef Section), Tunis, Tunisia.
  22. MacLeod, N., 1993, Stratigraphic, morphotypic, ecologic, biogeographic, and macroevolutionary response of planktic foraminifera to environmental changes across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 25, no. 6, A296.
  23. MacLeod, N., 1994, Graphic Correlation of New Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) Boundary Sequences from Denmark, Alabama, Mexico, Weddell Sea, and Kerguelen Plateau: Implications for a Global Model of Trans-K/T Sediment Accumulation, in Microfossils and Oceanic Environments, Aberystwyth, Wales, p. 25.
  24. MacLeod, N., 1994, Morphometric characterization and analysis of three-dimensional outlines and outline segments: Journal of Morphology, v. 220, p. 369.
  25. MacLeod, N., 1995, Testing morphometric data for phylogenetic and functional covariance: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 11, Supplement No. 3, p. 41A-42A.
  26. MacLeod, N., 1996, Empirical shape space representations and shape modelling of fossils from landmark-registered 2D outlines, 3D outlines, and 3D surfaces, with a comment on the indeterminacy of empirical “mono-morphospace” analysis, in North American Paleontological Convention ‘96, Washington, D. C., p. 254.
  27. MacLeod, N., 1998, On the Reproducibility of Paleontological Data: A Perspective on the El Kef Foraminiferal Blind Test Results, in International Workshop on Cretaceous-Tertiary Transitions (El Kef Section), Tunis, Tunisia.
  28. MacLeod, N., 1998, The Renaissance of Graphic Correlation, in Geoscience 98, Keele, UK.
  29. MacLeod, N., 1998, Using paleontological data to identify the proximate and ultimate causes of mass extinctions: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 30.
  30. MacLeod, N., 1999, The evolutionary control of biodiversity: evolutionary-ecological links between planktonic and macroinvertebrate benthic clades: Proceedings, European Union of Geosciences, v. 10, p. 274.
  31. MacLeod, N., 1999, Phylogenetic signals in morphometric data, in Systematics Association Biennial Conference, Glasgow, UK, p. 15.
  32. MacLeod, N., 1999, Comparing phenetic and phylogenetic patterns of morphological evolution in Perispyridium (Radiolaria), in British Micropalaeontological Society Silicofossil Group Meeting, Bath, UK, p. 6.
  33. MacLeod, N., 1999, The implications of phylogeny for quantitative paleontological data analysis: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 31, no. 6, A138.
  34. MacLeod, N. 2000. Phanerozoic extinctions. Abstracts, Annual Meeting of the British Association, 2000.
  35. MacLeod, N. 2000. Raup's dictum and the role of paleontology in testing extinction causal processes. Pp. 154-155 in C. Korberel, eds. Catastrophic events & mass extinctions: impacts and beyond. Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.
  36. MacLeod, N., 2001, Identifying controls on Phanerozoic extinction and diversification patterns: Earth Systems Processes Conference, Programmes with Abstracts, p. 67.
  37. MacLeod, N., 2002, Identifying long-term controls on Phanerozoic extinction and diversification patterns, in Stauffer, M., ed., Saskatoon 2002: from plains to shield: the making of a continent's interior: Saskatoon, Saskcatchewan, Geological Association of Canada - Mineralogical Association of Canada, p. 71.
  38. MacLeod, N. 2002. Identifying long-term controls on Phanerozoic extinction and diversification patterns. in Stauffer, M., eds. Saskatoon 2002: from plains to shield: the making of a continent's interior. Geological Association of Canada - Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting, Saskatoon, Saskcatchewan, p. 71.
  39. MacLeod, N. 2002. PaleoBase: Images, Databases, Collection Catalogues, and Commercialism in the Emerging Virtual Museum. in Kandoff, L., ed. Images and ideas: exhibiting science in museums. Department of Physics, University of Chicago, University of Chicago and the Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, Illinois, p. 4.
  40. MacLeod, N. 2002. Systematic Implications of a Synthesis Between Theoretical Morphology and Geometric Morphometrics. in Kandoff, L., ed. Computations in Science. Department of Physics, University of Chicago, University of Chicago, p. 7.
  41. MacLeod, N. 2002. Explaining extinctions: evidence for long-term eco-macroevolutionary coupling between the biodiversification of marine plankton and Phanerozoic extinction-rate controls. in Brock, G., and J. A. Talent, eds. Proceedings, International Paleontological Congress 2002. Geological Society of Australia, Sydney, Australia, p. 104.
  42. MacLeod, N. 2002. Sources of—and solutions to—error in high-resolution quantitative biostratigraphical analyses. in Brock, G., and J. A. Talent, eds. Proceedings, International Paleontological Congress 2002. Geological Society of Australia, Sydney, Australia, p. 105.
  43. MacLeod, N. 2002. Morphometric perspectives on the MorphoBank Project. In Mickevitch, M. ed., Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece, p. 196.
  44. MacLeod, N. 2002. Use of morphometrics to identify character states. in Butterfield, N. Clack, J., Wood, R., eds, Proceedings of the 50th Palaeontological Association Annual Meeting, The Palaeontological Association, Cambridge, p. 28-29.
  45. MacLeod, N., 2003, Evolutionary paleobiology and the science of form (revisited): The Geological Society of America, Abstracts and Programs, v. 35, no. 6, p. 207.
  46. MacLeod, N., 2003, The Palaeontologia Electronica Experience: Paleontology, Publishing, and Perseverance in the Digital Age, Newsletter of the Blueline: Lawrence, Kansas, Association of Earth Science Editors, p. 11.
  47. MacLeod, N., 2004, A statistical evaluation of the association between LIP volcanism and extinction-intensity peaks over the last 250 m.y.: 32nd International Geological Congress, Abstracts Volume, v. 1, p. 798.
  48. MacLeod, N., 2004, Use of shape models and morphometrics in paleobiological systematics: 32nd International Geological Congress, Abstracts Volume, v. 1, p. 15.
  49. MacLeod, N., 2005, Phylogeny and the evolutionary history of planktonic foraminiferal size variation, in Lyell Conference, London.
  50. MacLeod, N., in press, On the unity of empirical and theoretical morphospaces, in North American Paleontological Convention, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
  51. MacLeod, N. and Carr, T. R., 1989, When are large scale paleobiologic patterns an epiphenomenon of global variations in sediment accumulation rates?, in 28th International Geological Congress, Washington, D. C., p. 345.
  52. MacLeod, N. and Keller, G., 1990, Chronostratigraphy of K/T boundary sequences: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 22, no. 6, p. A278.
  53. MacLeod, N. and Keller, G., 1990, Foraminiferal phenotypic response to environmental changes across the Cretaceous - Tertiary boundary: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 22, no. 6, p. A106.
  54. MacLeod, N. and Keller, G., 1990, Foraminiferal phenotypic response to environmental changes across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 22, p. A106.
  55. MacLeod, N. and Keller, G., 1992, Biogeography of the Cretaceous/Tertiary planktic foraminiferal faunal transition, in Fifth North American Paleontological Convention, Chicago, Illinois, p. 193.
  56. MacLeod, N. and Keller, G., 1992, Cretaceous planktic foraminifera in lowermost Tertiary sediments: reworked particles or the remains of living populations?: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 24, no. 6, p. A332.
  57. MacLeod, N. and Keller, G., 1993, Planktic foraminiferal biostratigraphy, biogeography, and paleoecology across the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) boundary: Implications for event scenarios, in Joint Annual Meeting of the Geological Association of Canada and the Mineralogical Association of Canada, Calgary, p. A-65.
  58. MacLeod, N. and Keller, G., 1993, Stratigraphic, morphotypic, ecologic, biogeographic, and macroevolutionary response of planktic foraminifer to environmental changes across the Cretaceous - Tertiary (K/T) boundary: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 25, no. 6, p. A296.
  59. MacLeod, N. and Keller, G., 1996, Quantitative strategies for determining the reliability of biostratigraphic data, in North American Paleontological Convention ‘96, Washington, D. C., p. 255.
  60. MacLeod, N. and Keller, G., 1998, Systematics and Biostratigraphy of Cretaceous and Tertiary Planktonic Foraminifera from the Smaller Size Fraction (>63µm) at El Kef, Tunisia, in International Workshop on Cretaceous-Tertiary Transitions (El Kef Section), Tunis, Tunisia.
  61. MacLeod, N. and Kitchell, J. A., 1987, Inducement of heterochronic variation in a species of planktic foraminifera by a Late Eocene impact event, Global Catastrophes in Earth History: An Interdisciplinary Conference on Impacts, Volcanism, and Mass Mortality: Houston, Texas, Lunar and Planetary Institute, p. 112.
  62. MacLeod, N. and Kitchell, J. A., 1988, The origin of Hantkenina: a phylogenetic analysis of alternative hypotheses: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 20, no. 6, p. A234.
  63. MacLeod, N., Kitchell, J. A. and Keller, G., 1987, Paedomorphic dwarfing of Late Eocene G. linaperta (Foraminifera) associated with a microtektite horizon: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 19, no. 6, p. A755.
  64. MacLeod, N., O'Neill, M. A., and Walsh, S. A., 2003, PaleoDAISY: an integrated and adaptive system for the automated recognition of fossil species: The Geological Society of America, Abstracts and Programs, v. 35, no. 6, p. 316.
  65. MacLeod, N., O'Neill, M. A., and Walsh, S. A., 2003, You’ve all just been made redundant!?!: Understanding (and coming to terms with) automated object recognition in palaeontology: Palaeontological Association Newsletter, v. 54, p. 144–145.
  66. MacLeod, N., O'Neill, M. A., and Walsh, S. A., 2004, A comparison between morphometric and unsupervised, artificial, neural-net approaches to automated species identification in foraminifera, in Sheldon, E., Stouge, S., and Henderson, A., eds., Proceedings, The Micropalaeontological Society Calcareous Plankton Spring Meeting: Copenhagen, Denmark, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Ministry of the Environment, GEUS, p. 21.
  67. MacLeod, N., O'Neill, M. A., and Walsh, S. A., 2004, The automated recognition of vertebrate fossils: methods, applications, and implications: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 24, Supplement to No. 3, p. 86A–87A.
  68. MacLeod, N. and Ortiz, N., 1995, Comparison of patterns of phenotypic variation in planktonic and benthonic foraminifera across the Cretaceous-Tertiary and Paleocene-Eocene event horizons: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 26, no. 6.
  69. MacLeod, N. and Rose, K. D., 1991, Eigenshape analysis as a tool for inferring locomotor behavior in fossil mammals: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 11, Supplement no. 3, p. 44A.
  70. MacLeod, N. and Rose, K. D., 1992, Functional comparisons among modern and Paleogene mammals based on quantitative analyses of skeletal element outlines, in Fifth North American Paleontological Convention, Chicago, Illinois, p. 194.
  71. MacLeod, N. and Rose, K. D., 1997, 3D morphometric-functional analysis of modern and Paleogene mammalian radial heads: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 13, Supplement No. 3, p. 61A.
  72. MacLeod, N. and Rose, K. D., 1997, 3D morphometric-functional analysis of Modern and Paleogene mammalian radial heads: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Abstracts of Papers, v. 17, p. 61A.
  73. MacLeod, N. and Slaughter, B. H., 1980, A new species of Upper Cretaceous elasmobranch (genus Ptychodus Agassiz) from the Taylor Formation, central Texas, in 83rd Annual Meeting, Texas Academy of Science, Corpus Christi, Texas.
  74. Nestell, M. K. and MacLeod, N., 1984, Mid-Permian fusuline limestones juxtaposed with Late Triassic radiolarian cherts from the northeastern edge of the Canyon Mountain Ophiolite Complex, John Day, Oregon: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 16, no. 6, p. A610.
  75. Richter, M., MacLeod, N., and Rissoné, A., in press, Large-museum specimen databases: past, present and future, in North American Paleontological Convention, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
  76. Rissoné, A., MacLeod, N., and Richter, M., in press, Taxonomic databases: new directions and new standards, in North American Paleontological Convention, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
  77. Smith, U., Todd, J., and MacLeod, N., 2003, Applying geometric morphometrics to sibling species of Polystira (Gastropoda: Turridae): The Geological Society of America, Abstracts and Programs, v. 36, no. 6.
  78. Thomason, J. J. and MacLeod, N., 1996, Functional morphometry of the carnivoran cranium: eigenshape analysis of bone distribution: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 12, Supplement No. 3.
  79. Walsh, S. A., MacLeod, N., and O'Neill, M. A., 2004, Analysis of spheniscid tarsometatarsus and humerus morphological variability using DAISY automated digital image recognition: Society of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy: 2004 Meeting Abstracts, p. 45-46.
  80. Walsh, S. A., MacLeod, N., and O'Neill, M. A., 2004, Darwin versus The Matrix: does artificial intelligence have a place in vertebrate palaeontology?, in 52nd Symposium of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy, Leicester, p. 28.
  81. Whitfield, J. A. and MacLeod, N., 1996, Routes to sociality in Pemphigus (Hemiptera: Pemphigidae) - morphometric clues, in XX International Congress of Entomology, Pisa, Italy, p. 245.
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